Week 2 Flashcards
How is data collected for qualitative research?
Interviews
Observation/field notes
Reading documents for background
How is data analyzed for qualitative research?
Code all of data and then try to find themes between them
Mixed methods
When qualitative and quantitative data are both used in one research
What does descriptive/observational research describe?
Samples through observation
Methodological research
Studies examining reliability and validity
What has highest validity between prospective, retrospective, and cross sectional?
Prospective
Natural history
Looking at a disease as it progresses over time
Normative studies
Normal/functional ROM or strength
Surveys and case studies
Descriptive/observational
N of 1 study
Following one patient and is prospective (experimental)
Case study
Observational
Retrospective
Less internal validity
When are case studies valuable?
They show a lot of detail as well as the thought process of clinical reasoning
What are the benefits of a N of 1 study?
Greater internal validity and more patient focused
Exploratory research
Investigating relationships between 2 or more variables
What is correlation a precursor to?
Prediction
Cohort study
Prospective
Rare exposures
Multiple outcomes
Slow
Expensive
Strong evidence
Case control studies
Retrospective
Rare outcomes
Multiple exposures
Fast
Inexpensive
Weak evidence
Quasi experimental research design
Lacks random assignment
Experimental research
Has a comparison or control group, randomly assigns participants to groups
What are the 5 criteria to define cause and effect relationship?
Time sequence
Strength of association
Biologic credibility
Consistency with other studies
Dose response relationships
Time series design
3x pre test
Intervention
3x post test
Why is a time series strong than a quasi experimental?
More testing (accounting for history)
Narrative review
Selective review of literature
Authors can cherry pick articles
Broadly covers topic
Prone to bias
Systematic review
Highly detailed review of literature
Authors must exhaust search efforts
Broadly covers a topic but includes all relevant articles
Meta analysis includes a systematic review and what else?
Review and quantitative pooling of data for a statistical analysis
When is data statistically significant on a forest plot?
When it crosses the vertical line
What does it mean if the forest plot has a larger box?
Larger sample size
CPG
Summaries of evidence to guide examination and treatment
Research design validity
Relates to the choices made with research design (does the design help us measure and talk about what we intended to)
Internal validity
Blinding, randomization, less bias
External validity
Extent to which results can be applied to a generalized population (only soccer players in 2 states) (real world)
What is a highly controlled research design?
Internal validity
What is a pragmatic research design?
External validity
Efficacy
Benefit of a treatment delivered in a highly controlled and ideal environment
Effectiveness
Benefit of a treatment delivered in a pragmatic manner under real world conditions
Independent variable
Something you manipulate (measures)
Dependent variable
What we measure (outcomes)
Construct
Non observable/non measurable quality you wish to measure
Operational
Conversion of a construct into something observable and measurable
What are some constructs measured in PT?
Strength
Speed
Knowledge
Intelligence
Continuous variable
Any value along a continuum within a defined range (age)
Discrete
Described in whole units only (number of children)
Nominal
Names (categories)
Sex or gender
Blood type
Diagnosis
Race
Occupation
History of cancer
Ordinal
Names/categories but they have order to them
Manual muscle testing
Function
Salary
Interval
Numerical data (temperature in degrees) (can go below zero)
Ratio
Numerical data (distance, age, weight, time)
(Cannot go below zero)
Attribute independent variable
Can not be manipulated (age)
Active independent variable
Can be manipulated (body position)
What is the word factor associated with?
Independent variable
What is the word variate associated with?
Dependent variable
Reliability
Describes the extent to which a test or measurement is free from error
Intra rater reliability
Degree the examiner agrees with himself
Validity
Degree to which a test measures what it’s suppose to be measuring
Face validity
Degree to which the questions on a test make sense to the users
Content validity
Content of the measure is consistent with what is to be measured
Criterion validity
Comparing results of a test to those of a test that is considered gold standard
Construct validity
How well a tool measures an abstract concept
Inter rated reliability
Variation between 2 raters who measure same group
