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WEEK 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does determinants of health mean

A

factors and influences that shape the health of individuals and communities

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2
Q

examples of determinants of health

A

-income and social status
- social support networks
- education
-employment and working conditions
- social environment
-gender
- personal health practices and coping skills
- healthy child development
- physical environment
-culture
- health services
- biology and genetic endowment

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3
Q

In what ways are health differences experienced

A

way we are born, live, play and work

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4
Q

what are inequalities

A

factors that make being healthy harder, eg: discrimination

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5
Q

what do lower education, income and employment cause

A

likely to have diabetes and poor mental health

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6
Q

lower income people =

A

shorter lives

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7
Q

examples of SDH

A

income, housing, job opportunities, food, etc

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8
Q

who experience more food insecurity

A

first nations on and off reserve, inuit, metis experience more food insecurity than non indigenous peoples

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9
Q

black and latin american food insecurity

A

black and latin american canadians face more food insecurity than white canadians

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10
Q

bisexual people food insecurity

A

bisexual people face more insecurity than heterosexual people

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11
Q

recent immigrants are…

A

twice as likely to live in housing that is expensive, inadequate, or reparining needed houses than non immigrants

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12
Q

what are indiegenous inequities rooted in

A

colonization

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13
Q

what did the indigenous populations face

A

foced displacement into reserves and remote communities, banning of indigenous culture and languages, start of residential schools and unaddressed intergenerational trauma.

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14
Q

how do we address these health inequalities

A

ensuring the conditions that support our health are equitably accessible to all Canadians

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15
Q

what is calls to action

A

this is an indigenous approach that is stated in the truth and reconciliation report and UN declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples to support equitable access to health

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16
Q

equality vs equity

A

equally treated: all three people have the same size stool stand regardless of the height they originally are

equitable treated: they all got personalized stools depending on the height to have equal access to the game

but we can also remove the BARRIER that is causing the need of stool so inequity can be addressed. the systemic barrier has been removed

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17
Q

what are the determinants that contribute to a healthy life?

A

healthy child development, physical environments, income and education

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18
Q

what is CIHI

A

CIHI stands for the Canadian Institute for Health Information. It is an independent, not-for-profit organization in Canada that specializes in collecting, analyzing, and disseminating health-related data and information.

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19
Q

what was eddie’s problem

A

he is from a low income family and has asthma and has been hospitalized so much

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20
Q

what was sandra’s problem

A

she is from a high income family and has asthma and hasn’t been hospitalized so much

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21
Q

what was CIHI analysis on sandra and eddie

A

asthma hospitalization are 1.5 more common in low living income neighbour hoods vs high income neighbourhoods.

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22
Q

what is a health inequality

A

the diff in health status across population or individuals

eg, the low and high income neighbourhoods

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23
Q

what are avoidable and unavoidale health inequities

A

avoidable health inequities are those that can be avoided but aren’t because of discrimination, etc

unavoidable health inequities are those that are biological factors that can’t be changed therefore arent unavoidable

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24
Q

what is the first step towards action to improve health equity

A

measuring health inequalities

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25
why dont the averages and the charts show the ACTUAL representation?
bc it doesn't show how many more kids are being hospitalized from eddie's neighbourhood compared to sandra's neighbourhood and it is more generalized.
26
how to measure inequalities: equity stratification
by measuring and reporting indicators by population groups, like Canadians living in richer and poor neighbourhoods. this is called equity stratification which is a technique to measure inequalities
27
what is a CIHI toolkit and how would it be useful in addressing health inequities in canada
helps to plan ur analysis, analyze ur data, and report your findings. this will help identify health diff and monitor progress towards closing the gap between subpopulations.
28
how does CIHI stratify?
in many diff ways, including: age and sex, and increasingly by neighbourhood level income and geography.
29
what did CIHI develop
developed standard definitions for equity stratifiers to support with measuring health inequalities.
30
What is health equity
absence of unfair systems and policies that cause inequalities
31
what are 3 ways canada is attempting to reduce health inequalities
1. strengthening the evidence base to inform decision-making. 2. engaging beyond the health sector: Public health agency of Canada established the Canadian council on SDH to work with the different sectors on SDH of health and improve health equity that council made a bunch of tools and resources 3. sharing knowledge of action across Canada: RIO political development on SDH many actions
32
what do we strive to achieve as a community
good health
33
is health variable or invariable
variable
34
what was the life expectancy of a child born in Sierre leone in 2016
53 years
35
what was the life expectancy of a child born in Australia in 2016
83 years
36
what was the life expectancy of an indigenous child born in Australia compared to a regular aussie
wayyy lower for indigenous
37
can health vary in a specific group of people and by which factors
yes and due to income, level of education or a job
38
what are SDH shaped of
distribution of money, power and resources at all international, national and local levels and these can lead to health inequities
39
what are the two broad groups of health determinants
structural and intermediary
40
what is the structural determinants of health
structural determinants are socio-economic and political context that people live in and it includes governments, economic, social and public policies.
41
what can structural determinants lead to
material and monetary resources which can shape a peron's socio-economic position and the position is characterized by education, occupation, income, gender race or ethnicity and the social class.
42
what are intermediary determinants of health
the intermediate factors or mechanisms through which structural determinants affect health outcomes. -more proximate and direct influences on health that operate at the individual or community level. Intermediary determinants include factors like: Behavioral factors (smoking, diet, physical activity) Psychosocial factors (stress, social support) Material circumstances (access to housing, food security) Healthcare utilization (access to healthcare services, adherence to medical recommendations) Intermediary determinants are influenced by structural determinants and serve as the pathways through which structural factors impact individual health.
43
bridging the structural and intermediary determinants are the...
social cohesion and capital
44
what is health promotion
the combination of educational and ecological supports (political, organizational mechanisms) that support actions and conditions of living conducive to health
45
what is health education
any combination of planned learning experiences using evidence based practices or theories that provide the opportunity for people to acquire knowledge or skills, so that they can be adopted to maintain healthy behaviours
46
what is health promotion quote with an example
to make the healthier choice the easier choice "for eg, smiling and education and promotion that has happened to make it the easier choice and using policies/legal legislature to stop smoking inside which is helping to be a non smoker the healthy choice
47
Health promotion focuses on...
advocacy mediating enabling
48
what does advocacy mean
Advocacy in health promotion involves raising awareness, mobilizing support, and influencing policies and decisions to create conditions that promote health
49
what does mediating mean
Mediation refers to the process of reconciling differences and conflicts between various stakeholders and interests to achieve health goals. In health promotion, it often involves bringing together different sectors (e.g., health, education, housing, environment) and partners to collaborate on initiatives that positively impact health.
50
what does enabling mean
Enabling involves creating supportive environments, building capacity, and empowering individuals and communities to take control of their health. It focuses on providing the necessary resources, knowledge, skills, and opportunities for people to make healthier choices and lead healthier lives.
51
what two things do we need
health promotion AND health education
52
health promotion is not just about...
preventing disease but also about promoting optimal health
53
what is often gradual and poorly defined
transition from wellness to ill health
54
how do we quantify health or health status
1. death rates 2. life expectancy 3. years of potential life lost 4.disability-adjusted life years
55
what is death an indicator of?
health status of a population
56
what are death rates and their calculation
deaths during the year per 100,000 population. calculation: no. of deaths given divided by total population
57
life expectancy meaning
avg no of years a perosn is expected to live on the statistical avg
58
what was the canadian life expectancy for men and women in 2019
men: 79.9 years women: 84 yearsw
59
what was the total avg of canadian life expectancy in 2019
82
60
years of potential life lost meaning:
it means premature mortality calculation: subtract the current age from the expectancy age (for instance, in Canada we would subtract it from 82)
61
disability-adjusted life years meaning
one disability adjusted life = loss of equivalent of one year full health eg. an accident like a paralysis due to a car accident. the burden of years with that disability is represented with number of years of healthy life lost.
62
true or false: if not ill or dead, you are healthy
false
63
what is good health
a fundamental human right
64
What are the 1st 3 assumptions of health promotion
1. Health status is changeable 2. Health and disease determined by interaction among bio, pysch behaviour and social factors 3. behaviour can change and those changes can influence health
65
what are 4,5 ,6 assumptions of health promotion?
4. ind beh, family interactions and community and work relationships and resources and public policy all contribute to health and beh change 5. interventions can teach health promoting behaviours or attenuate risky ones 6. determinants, nature and motivation for beh must be understood for health beh to change
66
what 7,8,9 assumptions for health promotion
7. initiating and maintaining beh change is challenging 8. individual responsibility does not equal victim blaming 9. for permanent health behaviour change, person must be motivated and ready
67
important message
* the greatest chance for success comes to those who have the knowledge and skills to plan, implement and evaluate appropriate programs.
68
what is the general formation for HP efforts
includes approx 6 steps with each step including many more
69
Process of HP
1. understand and engage: with the target audience 2. assess needs 3. set goals and objectives 4. develop intervention 5. implement intervention 6. evaluate results ***however, though evaluation happens throughout the process
70
who were sanitary reformers and what time period are they from
they were individuals that brought more water to cities, in mid 19th century (pre 1974) and these people dominated the health education field
71
in the pre 1974 era, what were used to relay info
-pamphlets, posters, books, etc
72
what happened in 1951
the international union for health education was created which then later became one for Health promotion AND health education
73
what form was the original target for health education
health professional to patient encounter and then later switched to the general public being the target
74
What did the focus of health promotion interventions become
**still in pre 1974 1. changing perception of risk/self efficacy 2. increasing knowledge 3. creating reinforcing interpersonal relations to support behaviour change
75
what did they believe in regards to H.E and the public
that educating the public would be enough and that the health would be improved but nope didn't happen
76
what did it lead to when people didn't change with health education
the rise of health promotion
77
when did health promotion rise
in 1974 through the lalonde report
78
What report was released in 1974
A new perspective on the health of Canadians aka Lalonde report
79
What was the core of the lalonde report
the core of the report included the health field concept, which identified 4 sets of factors that contributed to health of populations: 1. human bio 2. environment 3. lifestyle 4. health care organization
80
why did the lalonde report gain so much attention
* it received global attention bc it was the first document from the central government from a major developed country that advocated for resources beyond health services to improve the health of the population
81
following WWII...
the wellfare of the state the flourish and it impacted the health of many
82
what happened in 1986
the 1st International conference on health promotion occurred where the ottawa charter and the Canadian document titled achieving health for all, (then called the EPP framework) were released
83
what did the EPP and ottawa charter share
same definition, for health promo and identified common set of principles and values
84
ottawa charter vs EPP
Ottawa charter: international audience EPP: intended for canadians
85
health promotion took an...
individualistic view which meant that it focused on individual behaviour change and the critics argued that it could lead to victim blaming: to tap into the environments so the aim became to make the healthiest choice the easiest choice.
86
what happened to health promotion in 1994 to 2007
support for health promotion began to weaken both in Canada and globally
87
what was established in 1992
the advisory committee on population health in all levels of government
88
what was published in 1994 and what did it help with
why are some people healthy and others not? it helped position the concept of population health
89
what did the population health approach focus on?
social determinants of population differences in disease
90
what did the federal govn do in 1994-2007
abandon its leadership in health promotion
91
did health promotion disappear in canada
no bc a serious effort was made to integrate population health and health promotion into one common framework
92
what happened in 2008 and what did it lead to
global economic crisis happened due to the collapse of the US mortgage market leading to cuts in prevention and health promotion
93
What did the WHO release in 2007-2017
* the commision on social determinants of health was released by the WHO and it was worked on 3 year prior. this report called upon countries to address inequities associated with social determinants of health by various means including health promo
94
was there support/leadership from the federal govn in 2007-2017
no
95
health promotion roots in...
health education
96
Health education is concerned with
health directed behaviour for disease prevention or further disease progression
97
health education lead to...
health promotion which lead to everything else

HS 2250 (4 decks)

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