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HS 2250 > WEEK 2 > Flashcards

WEEK 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does determinants of health mean

A

factors and influences that shape the health of individuals and communities

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2
Q

examples of determinants of health

A

-income and social status
- social support networks
- education
-employment and working conditions
- social environment
-gender
- personal health practices and coping skills
- healthy child development
- physical environment
-culture
- health services
- biology and genetic endowment

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3
Q

In what ways are health differences experienced

A

way we are born, live, play and work

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4
Q

what are inequalities

A

factors that make being healthy harder, eg: discrimination

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5
Q

what do lower education, income and employment cause

A

likely to have diabetes and poor mental health

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6
Q

lower income people =

A

shorter lives

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7
Q

examples of SDH

A

income, housing, job opportunities, food, etc

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8
Q

who experience more food insecurity

A

first nations on and off reserve, inuit, metis experience more food insecurity than non indigenous peoples

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9
Q

black and latin american food insecurity

A

black and latin american canadians face more food insecurity than white canadians

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10
Q

bisexual people food insecurity

A

bisexual people face more insecurity than heterosexual people

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11
Q

recent immigrants are…

A

twice as likely to live in housing that is expensive, inadequate, or reparining needed houses than non immigrants

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12
Q

what are indiegenous inequities rooted in

A

colonization

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13
Q

what did the indigenous populations face

A

foced displacement into reserves and remote communities, banning of indigenous culture and languages, start of residential schools and unaddressed intergenerational trauma.

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14
Q

how do we address these health inequalities

A

ensuring the conditions that support our health are equitably accessible to all Canadians

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15
Q

what is calls to action

A

this is an indigenous approach that is stated in the truth and reconciliation report and UN declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples to support equitable access to health

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16
Q

equality vs equity

A

equally treated: all three people have the same size stool stand regardless of the height they originally are

equitable treated: they all got personalized stools depending on the height to have equal access to the game

but we can also remove the BARRIER that is causing the need of stool so inequity can be addressed. the systemic barrier has been removed

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17
Q

what are the determinants that contribute to a healthy life?

A

healthy child development, physical environments, income and education

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18
Q

what is CIHI

A

CIHI stands for the Canadian Institute for Health Information. It is an independent, not-for-profit organization in Canada that specializes in collecting, analyzing, and disseminating health-related data and information.

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19
Q

what was eddie’s problem

A

he is from a low income family and has asthma and has been hospitalized so much

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20
Q

what was sandra’s problem

A

she is from a high income family and has asthma and hasn’t been hospitalized so much

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21
Q

what was CIHI analysis on sandra and eddie

A

asthma hospitalization are 1.5 more common in low living income neighbour hoods vs high income neighbourhoods.

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22
Q

what is a health inequality

A

the diff in health status across population or individuals

eg, the low and high income neighbourhoods

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23
Q

what are avoidable and unavoidale health inequities

A

avoidable health inequities are those that can be avoided but aren’t because of discrimination, etc

unavoidable health inequities are those that are biological factors that can’t be changed therefore arent unavoidable

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24
Q

what is the first step towards action to improve health equity

A

measuring health inequalities

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25
Q

why dont the averages and the charts show the ACTUAL representation?

A

bc it doesn’t show how many more kids are being hospitalized from eddie’s neighbourhood compared to sandra’s neighbourhood and it is more generalized.

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26
Q

how to measure inequalities: equity stratification

A

by measuring and reporting indicators by population groups, like Canadians living in richer and poor neighbourhoods. this is called equity stratification which is a technique to measure inequalities

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27
Q

what is a CIHI toolkit and how would it be useful in addressing health inequities in canada

A

helps to plan ur analysis, analyze ur data, and report your findings. this will help identify health diff and monitor progress towards closing the gap between subpopulations.

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28
Q

how does CIHI stratify?

A

in many diff ways, including: age and sex, and increasingly by neighbourhood level income and geography.

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29
Q

what did CIHI develop

A

developed standard definitions for equity stratifiers to support with measuring health inequalities.

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30
Q

What is health equity

A

absence of unfair systems and policies that cause inequalities

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31
Q

what are 3 ways canada is attempting to reduce health inequalities

A
  1. strengthening the evidence base to inform decision-making.
  2. engaging beyond the health sector: Public health agency of Canada established the Canadian council on SDH to work with the different sectors on SDH of health and improve health equity

that council made a bunch of tools and resources

  1. sharing knowledge of action across Canada: RIO political development on SDH many actions
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32
Q

what do we strive to achieve as a community

A

good health

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33
Q

is health variable or invariable

A

variable

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34
Q

what was the life expectancy of a child born in Sierre leone in 2016

A

53 years

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35
Q

what was the life expectancy of a child born in Australia in 2016

A

83 years

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36
Q

what was the life expectancy of an indigenous child born in Australia compared to a regular aussie

A

wayyy lower for indigenous

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37
Q

can health vary in a specific group of people and by which factors

A

yes and due to income, level of education or a job

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38
Q

what are SDH shaped of

A

distribution of money, power and resources at all international, national and local levels and these can lead to health inequities

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39
Q

what are the two broad groups of health determinants

A

structural and intermediary

40
Q

what is the structural determinants of health

A

structural determinants are socio-economic and political context that people live in and it includes governments, economic, social and public policies.

41
Q

what can structural determinants lead to

A

material and monetary resources which can shape a peron’s socio-economic position and the position is characterized by education, occupation, income, gender race or ethnicity and the social class.

42
Q

what are intermediary determinants of health

A

the intermediate factors or mechanisms through which structural determinants affect health outcomes.

-more proximate and direct influences on health that operate at the individual or community level.
Intermediary determinants include factors like:
Behavioral factors (smoking, diet, physical activity)
Psychosocial factors (stress, social support)
Material circumstances (access to housing, food security)
Healthcare utilization (access to healthcare services, adherence to medical recommendations)

Intermediary determinants are influenced by structural determinants and serve as the pathways through which structural factors impact individual health.

43
Q

bridging the structural and intermediary determinants are the…

A

social cohesion and capital

44
Q

what is health promotion

A

the combination of educational and ecological supports (political, organizational mechanisms) that support actions and conditions of living conducive to health

45
Q

what is health education

A

any combination of planned learning experiences using evidence based practices or theories that provide the opportunity for people to acquire knowledge or skills, so that they can be adopted to maintain healthy behaviours

46
Q

what is health promotion quote with an example

A

to make the healthier choice the easier choice

“for eg, smiling and education and promotion that has happened to make it the easier choice and using policies/legal legislature to stop smoking inside which is helping to be a non smoker the healthy choice

47
Q

Health promotion focuses on…

A

advocacy
mediating
enabling

48
Q

what does advocacy mean

A

Advocacy in health promotion involves raising awareness, mobilizing support, and influencing policies and decisions to create conditions that promote health

49
Q

what does mediating mean

A

Mediation refers to the process of reconciling differences and conflicts between various stakeholders and interests to achieve health goals. In health promotion, it often involves bringing together different sectors (e.g., health, education, housing, environment) and partners to collaborate on initiatives that positively impact health.

50
Q

what does enabling mean

A

Enabling involves creating supportive environments, building capacity, and empowering individuals and communities to take control of their health. It focuses on providing the necessary resources, knowledge, skills, and opportunities for people to make healthier choices and lead healthier lives.

51
Q

what two things do we need

A

health promotion AND health education

52
Q

health promotion is not just about…

A

preventing disease but also about promoting optimal health

53
Q

what is often gradual and poorly defined

A

transition from wellness to ill health

54
Q

how do we quantify health or health status

A
  1. death rates
  2. life expectancy
  3. years of potential life lost
    4.disability-adjusted life years
55
Q

what is death an indicator of?

A

health status of a population

56
Q

what are death rates and their calculation

A

deaths during the year per 100,000 population.

calculation: no. of deaths given divided by total population

57
Q

life expectancy meaning

A

avg no of years a perosn is expected to live on the statistical avg

58
Q

what was the canadian life expectancy for men and women in 2019

A

men: 79.9 years

women: 84 yearsw

59
Q

what was the total avg of canadian life expectancy in 2019

A

82

60
Q

years of potential life lost meaning:

A

it means premature mortality

calculation: subtract the current age from the expectancy age (for instance, in Canada we would subtract it from 82)

61
Q

disability-adjusted life years meaning

A

one disability adjusted life = loss of equivalent of one year full health

eg. an accident like a paralysis due to a car accident. the burden of years with that disability is represented with number of years of healthy life lost.

62
Q

true or false: if not ill or dead, you are healthy

A

false

63
Q

what is good health

A

a fundamental human right

64
Q

What are the 1st 3 assumptions of health promotion

A
  1. Health status is changeable
  2. Health and disease determined by interaction among bio, pysch behaviour and social factors
  3. behaviour can change and those changes can influence health
65
Q

what are 4,5 ,6 assumptions of health promotion?

A
  1. ind beh, family interactions and community and work relationships and resources and public policy all contribute to health and beh change
  2. interventions can teach health promoting behaviours or attenuate risky ones
  3. determinants, nature and motivation for beh must be understood for health beh to change
66
Q

what 7,8,9 assumptions for health promotion

A
  1. initiating and maintaining beh change is challenging
  2. individual responsibility does not equal victim blaming
  3. for permanent health behaviour change, person must be motivated and ready
67
Q

important message

A
  • the greatest chance for success comes to those who have the knowledge and skills to plan, implement and evaluate appropriate programs.
68
Q

what is the general formation for HP efforts

A

includes approx 6 steps with each step including many more

69
Q

Process of HP

A
  1. understand and engage: with the target audience
  2. assess needs
  3. set goals and objectives
  4. develop intervention
  5. implement intervention
  6. evaluate results

***however, though evaluation happens throughout the process

70
Q

who were sanitary reformers and what time period are they from

A

they were individuals that brought more water to cities, in mid 19th century (pre 1974) and these people dominated the health education field

71
Q

in the pre 1974 era, what were used to relay info

A

-pamphlets, posters, books, etc

72
Q

what happened in 1951

A

the international union for health education was created which then later became one for Health promotion AND health education

73
Q

what form was the original target for health education

A

health professional to patient encounter and then later switched to the general public being the target

74
Q

What did the focus of health promotion interventions become

A

**still in pre 1974

  1. changing perception of risk/self efficacy
  2. increasing knowledge
  3. creating reinforcing interpersonal relations to support behaviour change
75
Q

what did they believe in regards to H.E and the public

A

that educating the public would be enough and that the health would be improved but nope didn’t happen

76
Q

what did it lead to when people didn’t change with health education

A

the rise of health promotion

77
Q

when did health promotion rise

A

in 1974 through the lalonde report

78
Q

What report was released in 1974

A

A new perspective on the health of Canadians aka Lalonde report

79
Q

What was the core of the lalonde report

A

the core of the report included the health field concept, which identified 4 sets of factors that contributed to health of populations:

  1. human bio
  2. environment
  3. lifestyle
  4. health care organization
80
Q

why did the lalonde report gain so much attention

A
  • it received global attention bc it was the first document from the central government from a major developed country that advocated for resources beyond health services to improve the health of the population
81
Q

following WWII…

A

the wellfare of the state the flourish and it impacted the health of many

82
Q

what happened in 1986

A

the 1st International conference on health promotion occurred where the ottawa charter and the Canadian document titled achieving health for all, (then called the EPP framework) were released

83
Q

what did the EPP and ottawa charter share

A

same definition, for health promo and identified common set of principles and values

84
Q

ottawa charter vs EPP

A

Ottawa charter: international audience

EPP: intended for canadians

85
Q

health promotion took an…

A

individualistic view which meant that it focused on individual behaviour change and the critics argued that it could lead to victim blaming:

to tap into the environments so the aim became to make the healthiest choice the easiest choice.

86
Q

what happened to health promotion in 1994 to 2007

A

support for health promotion began to weaken both in Canada and globally

87
Q

what was established in 1992

A

the advisory committee on population health in all levels of government

88
Q

what was published in 1994 and what did it help with

A

why are some people healthy and others not? it helped position the concept of population health

89
Q

what did the population health approach focus on?

A

social determinants of population differences in disease

90
Q

what did the federal govn do in 1994-2007

A

abandon its leadership in health promotion

91
Q

did health promotion disappear in canada

A

no bc a serious effort was made to integrate population health and health promotion into one common framework

92
Q

what happened in 2008 and what did it lead to

A

global economic crisis happened due to the collapse of the US mortgage market leading to cuts in prevention and health promotion

93
Q

What did the WHO release in 2007-2017

A
  • the commision on social determinants of health was released by the WHO and it was worked on 3 year prior. this report called upon countries to address inequities associated with social determinants of health by various means including health promo
94
Q

was there support/leadership from the federal govn in 2007-2017

A

no

95
Q

health promotion roots in…

A

health education

96
Q

Health education is concerned with

A

health directed behaviour for disease prevention or further disease progression

97
Q

health education lead to…

A

health promotion which lead to everything else

HS 2250 (4 decks)

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