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HS 2250 > WEEK 1 > Flashcards

WEEK 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is health promotion

A

the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health

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2
Q

What is health?

A

a state of physical, mental and social well-being rather than a mere absence of disease of the infirmary

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3
Q

In what levels does health promotion improve health

A

individual level and a health determinants level

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4
Q

What is the Ottawa Charter

A

it is a landmark document made in the 1986 in ottawa where it provides guidance to the goals and concepts of health promotion and is used to this day

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5
Q

Key components of the Ottawa charter

A

5 action areas and 3 strategies

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6
Q

what are the 5 action areas

A
  1. building healthy public policy
  2. creating supportive environments
  3. strengthening community action
  4. developing personal skills
  5. reorienting health services
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7
Q

How are the health public policies built

A

through a coordinated approach of legislative, regulatory, organizational or taxation changes

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8
Q

What is building health public policy?

A

a process of developing policies that support health by protecting health of people and making it easier to make healthy choices

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9
Q

What is creating supportive environments?

A

this action area focuses on places people live in or work in– like communities etc. and this action area increases the ability to make health promotion choices while in those settings. eg, walking and running programs

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10
Q

What is strengthening community action

A

collective actions of the community to improve their health. eg: community fun runs, community kitchens, support organizations

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11
Q

What is developing personal skills

A

this focuses on supporting personal and social development through info on education, and life skills. eg are online programs, and health classes

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12
Q

What is reorienting health services?

A

changing the perspective of our health systems from medically dominated and individual’s curative perspective to more of an holistic approach. eg, health educator roles, more access to health, stop smoking programs

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13
Q

What are the 3 strategies from the Ottawa Charter?

A
  1. Advocate
  2. Mediate
  3. Enable
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14
Q

What is to advocate?

A

using a combination of individual and social actions to obtain political commitments, policy support and social systems that support a health goal

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15
Q

What is to mediate?

A

a process by which different interests of individuals and communities, private and public sectors are reconciled in ways that promote and protect health

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16
Q

What is to enable?

A

having activities to improve health are taken in partnership with individuals so that empowered to take actions to protect and promote health.

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17
Q

When did Health promotion formally emerge

A

1980

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18
Q

What did health promotion transition from?

A

transitioned from a focus on individually oriented health education practices centered on conveying information about “appropriate” health-related behaviors to encompass broader environmental and policy concerns.

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19
Q

What is the debate about

A

regarding the extent to which health promotion has structural and policy concerns with the public health system and the current 21st century health challenges like climate change, migration, inequity, substance use, urbanization and aging

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20
Q

How is health promotion in Canada evolved

A

not only through local and national events and policy decisions, but through global circumstances and developments

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21
Q

Who and when was the dissemination of sanitary info done

A

it was focused in the late 19th century by the government of the dominion of canada

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22
Q

What happened in the period of the late 19th century

A

so-called ‘sanitary reforms’ dominated health education where they had a missionary zeal rather than scientifically grounded interventions

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23
Q

How was health info relayed prior to 1974

A

public health made pamphlets, posters, books, newspaper columns, film strips and radio messages

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24
Q

What emerged un the late 1940s and early 1950s

A

a systemic and scientific approach to health education began

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25
Q

What was established in 1951 and what does it promote

A

International Union for Health Education or IUFPE and it promotes the exchange of experience and info in health education

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26
Q

What was the kind of shift in the 1950s to mid 1970s?

A

professional-patient (or doc-patient) to general public

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27
Q

Why was attention switched to behavioural risks

A
  • With the epidemiological transition and the rise of lifestyle-related chronic diseases, attention turned to behavioral risk factors like smoking, sedentary lifestyles, and unhealthy diets.
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28
Q

What was observed in 1950s and 1960s

A

increased involvement of social scientists and communication specialists in developing models to understand health-related behaviour and design health education campaigns

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29
Q

What did the pyschosocial models do?

A
  • These models focused on changing perceptions of risk and self-efficacy, increasing knowledge, and creating interpersonal support for behavior change
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30
Q

What did the 1960s and 1970s reveal

A

although there was a belief that educating public for good health would lead to better health outcomes, it failed to produce the expected life style behaviours

31
Q

What lead to the transformation of health education into health promotion.

A
  • The realization that health education alone was insufficient
32
Q

What happened in the mid-1970s

A

it marked the end of a 30-year period of sustained economic growth in western post- war economies where the welfare state flourished

33
Q

What happened in the 1973 and 1976

A
  • The “oil shocks” of 1973 and 1976 initiated two decades of economic stagnation and minimal growth, reducing government tax revenues and necessitating heavy borrowing to maintain public services.
34
Q

What was released in 1974

A

Lalonde Report: “A new perspective on the health of canadians” by the canadian government

35
Q

Why did the Lalonde Report: “ A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians” gain so much attention

A

for advocating investment in factors beyond health services to improve population health.

36
Q

What did the Lalonde Report: “ A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians” introduce

A

the “health field concept,” identifying four sets of factors contributing to population health: human biology, environment, lifestyle, and health care organization.

37
Q

What report introduced “health promotion” to the world

A

the Lalonde Report did it to show the importance of improving public health

38
Q

What was the significance of the period 1974-1994

A
  • This period marked a significant shift in public health thinking, moving beyond the exclusive focus on healthcare services to address the broader determinants of health, including lifestyle, environment, and healthcare organization.
39
Q

What did the Alma-Ata Declaration introduce?

A
  • Evidence-Based Services: The declaration advocated for healthcare services that were based on evidence and tailored to the specific national context.
  • Multi-Sectoral Responsibility: It recognized the need for multiple sectors beyond healthcare to take responsibility for promoting health.
  • Multi-Disciplinary Care Providers: The declaration encouraged the involvement of various healthcare providers from different disciplines.
  • Basic Foundations of Health: It highlighted the importance of basic elements like nutrition, sanitation, and access to clean water as fundamental to health.
  • Community Involvement: The declaration stressed the involvement of communities in health planning and decision-making.
40
Q

What did the World Health Assembly in 1979 approve?

A

“Global Strategy for Health for All by the Year 2000” resolution.

41
Q

What did the Lalonde Report and the Alma-Ata Declaration link?

A

health to social and economic development, emphasizing the interdependence of health and broader societal well-being.

42
Q

Was there a lot of progress in Canada following the Lalonde Report

A

no

43
Q

What document gave Canada the progress in Health promotion

A

Health Promotion Directorate in 1978 which was seen as the first national body of its kind globally

44
Q

What did the directorate focus on?

A
  • initially it focused on addressing lifestyle components of the health field concept
  • in 1982, an understandable strategy that included both lifestyle and policy measures was developed–but it was not fully funded or implemented
45
Q

What did the collaboration between Canada’s Health Promotion Directorate and WHO/Europe lead to?

A

first International Conference on Health Promotion in 1986, co-sponsored by multiple organizations.

46
Q

What was released in the International Conference on Health Promotion in 1986?

A

the Ottawa Charter (for an international audience) and Achieving Health For All (known as the Epp report, for a Canadian audience) were released

47
Q

what does “blaming the victim” mean

A

This suggests that putting all the responsibility on individuals for their health could be unfair and not effective in achieving better health outcomes.

48
Q

What did the critiques suggest in the late 1970s?

A

they said that their approach on focusing on the individual behaviour and providing health info alone could lead to the “blaming the victim”

49
Q

What was the changed approach going to be from the critics in the 1970s?

A

making the healthiest choice the easiest choice

50
Q

What document was more significant across the country?

A

the Epp Report,

51
Q

What was the Knowledge Development program (KD)

A

involving literature reviews, a national health promotion survey, and support for national and regional conferences and training events related to health promotion.

52
Q

What were the two national initiatives?

A

the Strengthening Community Health project and the Healthy Communities initiative, aimed to foster community mobilization processes for enhancing health.

53
Q

How did they fund numerous community based health-promoting initiatives

A

through the national Health Promotion Contribution Program

54
Q

When did the formation of health promotion occur in Ontario?

A

one year after the conference

55
Q

When did health promotion both in Canada and internationally begin to decline and why?

A

in the mid 1990s and due to global and canadian economic environment and institutions

56
Q

What was population health

A

it represented a new perspective on health and healthcare in Canada.
* This change in focus had an impact on the prioritization and funding of health promotion initiatives and strategies.

57
Q

What was the consequecnes of the shift from welfare state that began in the late 1980s?

A
  • Diminished influence of United Nations system organizations, such as the WHO.
  • Increased power of transnational corporations and global economic institutions like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization.
58
Q

What else did those consequences lead to?

A
  • This changing context had an impact on the WHO’s international health promotion conferences, which were no longer held on a regular schedule and became aligned with the interests of host countries.
59
Q

What did the critics fear could endanger the common good and public health?

A

by putting health promotion in hands of private corps with governments as the main mechanism for adopting health-enhancing policies.

60
Q

What did Ron Labonte suggest?

A
  • Align itself with global social movements for health and justice.
  • Establish empowering partnerships connecting wealthier nations with poorer ones.
  • Participate in debates on how globalization affects global health equity.
61
Q

What book was published in 1994 by a Canadian and american health economists?

A

“Why Are Some People Healthy and Others Not?

62
Q

the book “Why Are Some People Healthy and Others Not?”, brought in what concept?

A

population health and influenced many presentations at all 3 levels of government in canadian meetings

63
Q

What was established in 1992

A
  • The Federal/Provincial/Territorial (F/P/T) Advisory Committee on Population Health
64
Q

What was replaced in 1995?

A

the Health Promotion Directorate was replaced by a Population Health Directorate

65
Q

What was adopted in 1997?

A

The federal Cabinet officially adopted the population health approach as Canada’s guiding principle for health policy.

66
Q

What did the population health approach focus on?

A

as outlined by John Frank focused on the social determinants of population health differences rather than individual disease differences.

67
Q

Since population health emerged in Canada, did health promotion disappear?

A
  • No, health canada made an effort to combine both concepts into a common framework.
    • Health promotion concepts and approaches were incorporated into federal, provincial, and territorial strategies as atleast 2 provinces made ministries or depts to health promotion bc they believed it was very important to public health efforts
68
Q

What did health canada provide funding for?

A
  • Health Canada provided funding for a network of university-based research centers known as the Canadian Consortium for Health Promotion Research.
69
Q

By 2007, what was the shift in the leadership of health promotion?

A

leadership in the field of health promotion had shifted from the government to the academic sector, marking a significant change.

70
Q

What happened after the 2007 conference in Vancouver?

A

the Canadian Consortium for Health Promotion Research was dissolved, leaving the field without its previous decade-long leadership.
* Over the subsequent decade, some of the university-based research centers closed, resulting in reduced research activity and fewer pan-Canadian research collaborations.

71
Q

What did the 2008 sub prime mortgage market collapse in the USa trigger?

A
  • a global economic crisis
  • countries like Greece, had bankruptcy, leading to lots of public spending cuts, social unrest and high unemployment rates.
    • Some European countries also saw reductions in public funding for healthcare systems and cuts in prevention and health promotion efforts.
72
Q

What did the WHO release during the global recession?

A
  • Commission on Social Determinants of Health report in 2008.
    • This report called for addressing health inequities by addressing the social determinants of health, emphasizing health promotion principles.
73
Q

What are the facts about the term “health promotion”

A
  • less frequently used by government and academic departments today, but courses in health promotion are still offered.
    • A new association of practitioners in health promotion is emerging.
74
Q
A

HS 2250 (4 decks)

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