Week 2 Flashcards
Where are fat soul able vitamins stored?
In the liver and fatty tissue
What is there an increased risk of when it comes to fat soluble vitamins?
Toxicity
What kind of environment is needed to absorb water soluble vitamins?
An acidic environment
Do fat soluble or water-soluble vitamins need to be replenished daily? What’s the one exception to this trend?
-Water solvable vitamins
-vitamin B 12 is the exception
What water soluble vitamin is the exception where it’s stored? Where is it stored and for how long?
-Vitamin B12
-Stored in the liver
- stores for 3-5 years
What percentage of vitamin A store in liver? Where is the rest of Vitamin A stored?
-90%
- In the blood
What does vitamin A produce that helps the eye see the color purple?
Rhodopsin
Vitamin A helps normal growth and development of what 4 things?
- Bones and teeth
- Tissue Strength
- Immunity (builds mucosa)
- Rhodopsin
What first defense system does vitamin A help create when it comes to preventing infections?
Formation and maintenance of mucosa
What are the symptoms that come with a vitamin a deficiency?
- Slow vision recovery (glare)
- Dry scaly skin
- Cessation of bone growth
- Decrease of saliva production
- Teeth Decay
- Xerophthalmia (conjunctival & corneal changes)
What sources can you get vitamin A from?
- Animal sources; chicken/beef liver
- Yellow, orange, deep green fruits & veggies
Vitamin D is not considered a vitamin, but a….?
Prohormone
What are the two main functions of vitamin D?
- Develop/maintain strong bones and muscle function
- Maintains serum calcium concentration
What does vitamin D3 do? What is it also known as? Where can it be found?
- synthesized in the skin from the sun
- Also known as cholecalciferol
- Can be found animal products or sun (fish liver oils, salmon)
What is vitamin D2 known as? Where can it be found?
- Known as ergocalciferol
- Can be found in plant foods
What’s the name for activated vitamin D?
Calcitriol
What are signs of a vitamin D deficiency
-Decayed teeth
-Bone growth retardation; bone malformation
-Ricketts disease
Where are good sources to get vitamin D?
-Fish Liver Oils
-Salmon
-Fortified Foods
-Sunlight (D3)
-plants food (D2)
What organ converts vitamin D into Calcidiol?
The liver
What organ changes calcidiol to calcitriol?
The Kidney
What are the functions to vitamin E?
- Protects cells from being destroyed (oxidized) by free radicals
• antioxidants undergo oxidation to render free radicals harmless
What is vitamin E also known as?
-An Antioxidant
What are signs of a vitamin E deficiency?
- Hemolytic Anemia (particularly premature infants at risk)
- Prolonged deficiency (peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, impaired vision/speech)
What are some good dietary sources to be able to get vitamin E?
- Vegetable oils (soybean, wheat germ, sunflower)
- Plant based-foods (veggies, fruits, nuts, seeds)
- Fortified cereals
What is vitamin K also known as?
Phytonadione
What are some functions of vitamin K?
-Clotting factor synthesis (called the coagulation Vitamin)
-Antidote for overdosage of Warfarin
What functioning organ does vitamin K need to be useful?
-Liver
What is a symptom of vitamin K deficiency? What population is at risk of this deficiency and why so?
-Bleeding Tendencies (no clotting ability)
- Babies have no vitamin K because of their sterile intestinal track so they can’t make it.
What are good dietary sources to find vitamin K?
-Dark green leafy vegetables (Brussel sprouts, broccoli, asparagus)
What are the two main functions of vitamin B one? What is vitamin B one also known as?
- Promotes normal nervous system functioning
- Needed for energy extraction from glucose, amino acids, fats
- Also known as Thiamine
Common signs of a vitamin B-1 deficiency?
- Lethargic
- Decrease in alertness,
- Decreased in reflex ability
- Fatigue
- Irritability
- Muscle weakness
What are the two main functions of vitamin B9? What is vitamin B9 also known as?
- Coenzyme in DNA synthesis & cell division
- Also known as Folate
What are some common symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiencies?
- Neural tube defects (Ex. Spina Bifida)
- Macrocytic Anemia
What are some good dietary sources to consume vitamin B9
- Dark green leafy vegetables
- OJ
- Legumes
- Chicken Liver
- Fortified cereals
- Grains
Vitamin B9 symptoms may mask what other vitamin deficiency?
- Vitamin B12
What are the main functions of vitamin B 12? What is vitamin B12 also known as?
-DNA synthesis and maturation if RBC’s
-Maintains myelin sheath around the nerves
- also known as Cobalamin
What are some common symptoms of vitamin B 12 deficiency?
- Fatigue,
- Poor balance,
- Cognitive decline (memory loss and confusion),
- Peripheral neuropathies (numbness & tingling hands and/or feet)
- Pernicious anemia
What are some common sources to get vitamin B12?
- Animal sources (beef, liver)
- Fortified food (cereals, breads)
What two populations are at higher risk for vitamin B 12 deficiency’s? Why are they at high risk?
-Vegans and strict Vegetarians (due to no consumption of animal products)
-Geriatric patients (due to low production of hydrochloric acid, or medications)
What are the functions of vitamin C?
- Build and maintain strong tissues
- Collagen synthesis incl. connective tissues
- Blood vessels
- Antioxidant
- Facilitates iron absorption
What is vitamin C, also known as?
- Asorbic Acid
What are some symptoms of a vitamin C deficiency?
- Poor Wound healing
- Bruising
What are some good sources for vitamin C?
- Citrus fruits
- Bell Peppers (yellow/green veggies)
- Berries
- Tomatoes
What are the most common function of iron?
- Functional part of Hemoglobin (delivers oxygen to cells)
What kind of environment does iron need to be digested?
An acidic environment
What is iron stored with?
Ferritin
What are some common symptoms of an iron deficiency? What can cause iron deficiency?
- Excessive Blood loss
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Caused by inadequate dietary intake
What are good dietary sources that contain a lot of iron?
- Liver
- Meat
- Chicken
- Fish
- Whole grains
Where is majority of the calcium in the body found?
Bones and teeth
Where can you find free ionized calcium in the body?
- Circulating the blood
What minerals does calcium bind with for rigidity and structure?
- Phosphate and Magnesium
What are the 3 main functions of calcium?
- Forms Fibrin (helps with blood clotting)
- Nerve Transmission
- Muscle contraction & relaxation
What are some symptoms of a calcium deficiency?
- Osteoporosis
- Hypocalcemia (muscle spasms and tetany)
- Chvostek’s sign (facial contractions)
- Trousseau’s sign (carpal spasms)
What are some good dietary sources for calcium?
- Dairy
- Grains
- Dark green veggies
- Fortified foods
If calcium levels are too high in the blood what gland produces what to help calcium levels fall?
- Thyroid releases Calcitonin
What will happen when the thyroid releases calcitonin? How does it do so?
- Calcium levels will fall
- Increase calcium deposition in bones
- Decrease calcium uptake in the intestines
- Decrees calcium absorption from the urine
What gland in the body will release what when the calcium levels are too low in the blood?
- Parathyroid will release Parathyroid hormone to raise Calcium levels
What does a body due to respond to the parathyroid releasing of parathyroid hormone?
- Increase calcium released from the bones
- Increase calcium uptake in the intestines
- Increase calcium absorption from the urine
What are the 2 kinds of vitamin A? What are they called and where can they be found?
-Pre-formed vitamin A (retinal) can be found in animal products (milk eggs cheese)
-Pro vitamin A (Beta-carotene) can be found in yellow, orange, deep green fruits and veggies, beef and chicken liver
What food sources can you find vitamin B1?
-Whole grains
-Legumes
-Liver
-Pork
What’s the name of the vitamin K your body can synthesize?
-Intestinal bacteria synthesizes menaquinone (vitamin K)
