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Nursing 201D > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are fat soul able vitamins stored?

A

In the liver and fatty tissue

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2
Q

What is there an increased risk of when it comes to fat soluble vitamins?

A

Toxicity

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3
Q

What kind of environment is needed to absorb water soluble vitamins?

A

An acidic environment

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4
Q

Do fat soluble or water-soluble vitamins need to be replenished daily? What’s the one exception to this trend?

A

-Water solvable vitamins
-vitamin B 12 is the exception

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5
Q

What water soluble vitamin is the exception where it’s stored? Where is it stored and for how long?

A

-Vitamin B12
-Stored in the liver
- stores for 3-5 years

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6
Q

What percentage of vitamin A store in liver? Where is the rest of Vitamin A stored?

A

-90%
- In the blood

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7
Q

What does vitamin A produce that helps the eye see the color purple?

A

Rhodopsin

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8
Q

Vitamin A helps normal growth and development of what 4 things?

A
  • Bones and teeth
  • Tissue Strength
  • Immunity (builds mucosa)
  • Rhodopsin
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9
Q

What first defense system does vitamin A help create when it comes to preventing infections?

A

Formation and maintenance of mucosa

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10
Q

What are the symptoms that come with a vitamin a deficiency?

A
  • Slow vision recovery (glare)
  • Dry scaly skin
  • Cessation of bone growth
  • Decrease of saliva production
  • Teeth Decay
  • Xerophthalmia (conjunctival & corneal changes)
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11
Q

What sources can you get vitamin A from?

A
  • Animal sources; chicken/beef liver
  • Yellow, orange, deep green fruits & veggies
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12
Q

Vitamin D is not considered a vitamin, but a….?

A

Prohormone

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13
Q

What are the two main functions of vitamin D?

A
  • Develop/maintain strong bones and muscle function
  • Maintains serum calcium concentration
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14
Q

What does vitamin D3 do? What is it also known as? Where can it be found?

A
  • synthesized in the skin from the sun
  • Also known as cholecalciferol
  • Can be found animal products or sun (fish liver oils, salmon)
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15
Q

What is vitamin D2 known as? Where can it be found?

A
  • Known as ergocalciferol
  • Can be found in plant foods
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16
Q

What’s the name for activated vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol

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17
Q

What are signs of a vitamin D deficiency

A

-Decayed teeth
-Bone growth retardation; bone malformation
-Ricketts disease

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18
Q

Where are good sources to get vitamin D?

A

-Fish Liver Oils
-Salmon
-Fortified Foods
-Sunlight (D3)
-plants food (D2)

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19
Q

What organ converts vitamin D into Calcidiol?

A

The liver

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20
Q

What organ changes calcidiol to calcitriol?

A

The Kidney

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21
Q

What are the functions to vitamin E?

A
  • Protects cells from being destroyed (oxidized) by free radicals
    • antioxidants undergo oxidation to render free radicals harmless
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22
Q

What is vitamin E also known as?

A

-An Antioxidant

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23
Q

What are signs of a vitamin E deficiency?

A
  • Hemolytic Anemia (particularly premature infants at risk)
  • Prolonged deficiency (peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, impaired vision/speech)
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24
Q

What are some good dietary sources to be able to get vitamin E?

A
  • Vegetable oils (soybean, wheat germ, sunflower)
  • Plant based-foods (veggies, fruits, nuts, seeds)
  • Fortified cereals
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25
Q

What is vitamin K also known as?

A

Phytonadione

26
Q

What are some functions of vitamin K?

A

-Clotting factor synthesis (called the coagulation Vitamin)
-Antidote for overdosage of Warfarin

27
Q

What functioning organ does vitamin K need to be useful?

A

-Liver

28
Q

What is a symptom of vitamin K deficiency? What population is at risk of this deficiency and why so?

A

-Bleeding Tendencies (no clotting ability)
- Babies have no vitamin K because of their sterile intestinal track so they can’t make it.

29
Q

What are good dietary sources to find vitamin K?

A

-Dark green leafy vegetables (Brussel sprouts, broccoli, asparagus)

30
Q

What are the two main functions of vitamin B one? What is vitamin B one also known as?

A
  • Promotes normal nervous system functioning
  • Needed for energy extraction from glucose, amino acids, fats
  • Also known as Thiamine
31
Q

Common signs of a vitamin B-1 deficiency?

A
  • Lethargic
  • Decrease in alertness,
  • Decreased in reflex ability
  • Fatigue
  • Irritability
  • Muscle weakness
32
Q

What are the two main functions of vitamin B9? What is vitamin B9 also known as?

A
  • Coenzyme in DNA synthesis & cell division
  • Also known as Folate
33
Q

What are some common symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiencies?

A
  • Neural tube defects (Ex. Spina Bifida)
  • Macrocytic Anemia
34
Q

What are some good dietary sources to consume vitamin B9

A
  • Dark green leafy vegetables
  • OJ
  • Legumes
  • Chicken Liver
  • Fortified cereals
  • Grains
35
Q

Vitamin B9 symptoms may mask what other vitamin deficiency?

A
  • Vitamin B12
36
Q

What are the main functions of vitamin B 12? What is vitamin B12 also known as?

A

-DNA synthesis and maturation if RBC’s
-Maintains myelin sheath around the nerves
- also known as Cobalamin

37
Q

What are some common symptoms of vitamin B 12 deficiency?

A
  • Fatigue,
  • Poor balance,
  • Cognitive decline (memory loss and confusion),
  • Peripheral neuropathies (numbness & tingling hands and/or feet)
  • Pernicious anemia
38
Q

What are some common sources to get vitamin B12?

A
  • Animal sources (beef, liver)
  • Fortified food (cereals, breads)
39
Q

What two populations are at higher risk for vitamin B 12 deficiency’s? Why are they at high risk?

A

-Vegans and strict Vegetarians (due to no consumption of animal products)
-Geriatric patients (due to low production of hydrochloric acid, or medications)

40
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C?

A
  • Build and maintain strong tissues
  • Collagen synthesis incl. connective tissues
  • Blood vessels
  • Antioxidant
  • Facilitates iron absorption
41
Q

What is vitamin C, also known as?

A
  • Asorbic Acid
42
Q

What are some symptoms of a vitamin C deficiency?

A
  • Poor Wound healing
  • Bruising
43
Q

What are some good sources for vitamin C?

A
  • Citrus fruits
  • Bell Peppers (yellow/green veggies)
  • Berries
  • Tomatoes
44
Q

What are the most common function of iron?

A
  • Functional part of Hemoglobin (delivers oxygen to cells)
45
Q

What kind of environment does iron need to be digested?

A

An acidic environment

46
Q

What is iron stored with?

A

Ferritin

47
Q

What are some common symptoms of an iron deficiency? What can cause iron deficiency?

A
  • Excessive Blood loss
  • Iron-deficiency anemia
  • Caused by inadequate dietary intake
48
Q

What are good dietary sources that contain a lot of iron?

A
  • Liver
  • Meat
  • Chicken
  • Fish
  • Whole grains
49
Q

Where is majority of the calcium in the body found?

A

Bones and teeth

50
Q

Where can you find free ionized calcium in the body?

A
  • Circulating the blood
51
Q

What minerals does calcium bind with for rigidity and structure?

A
  • Phosphate and Magnesium
52
Q

What are the 3 main functions of calcium?

A
  • Forms Fibrin (helps with blood clotting)
  • Nerve Transmission
  • Muscle contraction & relaxation
53
Q

What are some symptoms of a calcium deficiency?

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • Hypocalcemia (muscle spasms and tetany)
  • Chvostek’s sign (facial contractions)
  • Trousseau’s sign (carpal spasms)
54
Q

What are some good dietary sources for calcium?

A
  • Dairy
  • Grains
  • Dark green veggies
  • Fortified foods
55
Q

If calcium levels are too high in the blood what gland produces what to help calcium levels fall?

A
  • Thyroid releases Calcitonin
56
Q

What will happen when the thyroid releases calcitonin? How does it do so?

A
  • Calcium levels will fall
  • Increase calcium deposition in bones
  • Decrease calcium uptake in the intestines
  • Decrees calcium absorption from the urine
57
Q

What gland in the body will release what when the calcium levels are too low in the blood?

A
  • Parathyroid will release Parathyroid hormone to raise Calcium levels
58
Q

What does a body due to respond to the parathyroid releasing of parathyroid hormone?

A
  • Increase calcium released from the bones
  • Increase calcium uptake in the intestines
  • Increase calcium absorption from the urine
59
Q

What are the 2 kinds of vitamin A? What are they called and where can they be found?

A

-Pre-formed vitamin A (retinal) can be found in animal products (milk eggs cheese)
-Pro vitamin A (Beta-carotene) can be found in yellow, orange, deep green fruits and veggies, beef and chicken liver

60
Q

What food sources can you find vitamin B1?

A

-Whole grains
-Legumes
-Liver
-Pork

61
Q

What’s the name of the vitamin K your body can synthesize?

A

-Intestinal bacteria synthesizes menaquinone (vitamin K)

Nursing 201D (7 decks)

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