Week 2 Flashcards
methods of self-report test construction: Rational
very straight forward; items are written to capture understanding of what a trait is
characteristics:
tend to be face valid
susceptible to response biases (easily faked)
may be internally consistent or valid
Methods of self-report test construction: Factorial
generate a bunch of items and use factor analysis to cluster each item and see which go together; items are selected on the basis of factor analysis
Characteristics:
highly internally consistent
tend to be face valid
somewhat susceptible to response bia
Methods of self-report test construction: Empirical
generate a bunch of items and give to 2 groups, one group that is “fine” and one group with something you are looking at (ex depression –> so a group of folks with depression) and see which items differentiate the groups; harder to fake; items are selected on their ability to empirically distinguish one group from another
Characteristics:
often have low internal consistency
often items are not face valid
may be less susceptible to response bias
Thinking errors
fundamental attribution bias
confirmation bias
distinction bias
just world phenomenon
Clinical judgement; Dawes Faust and Meehl
using statistical methods to derive algorithms (i.e. MMPI)
some studies use artificial tasks that failed to tap their expertise
humans do have superior observational skills but better to enter them into decision-making algorithm
Clinical Judgement; Paul Eckman
facial recognition/facial expression; no difference between different groups of professionals and the lay public in effectively knowing when someone is lying
EXCEPT: secret service
nature of some errors in clinical judgement (1998 APA reports)
- may only elicit info that confirms hypotheses and ignores questions/info that would disprove it
- may compare patient to prototype rather than systematically evaluating on specific criteria
- may be overconfident rather than appropriately tentative
- Hindsight bias; wrongly assume we could have predicted the results AFTER being told the results
- may not consider relative frequency of the event they are predicting (rare events are harder to predict than common ones)
Clinical decision making
clinical intuition is very fallible, but we tend to ignore this fact
actuarial algorithms are better than clinical judgement
6 factor model
- extraversion
- conscientiousness
- openness to experience
- emotionality (rotated version of neuroticism)
- agreeableness
- honesty-humility (morality and prosociality)
Unidimensional
widely used for quick assessment of a specific issue
multidimensional
personality test, batteries that contain multiple scales, often include validity scales
unidimensional examples
BDI
DES-II
Y-BOC
MAST
problems with self report data
impulsivity
maturity
based on one’s theory of self (could be limiting but tells us how the person views themself)
not responsive to behavior change that can be tracked
types of psychometric data
observational data (teachers/parents)
life data (context)
self-report data
performance-based data (some folks dont respond honestly but performance data helps tease that out)
informants data (collateral)
s data
self report data
o data
other report data
unidimensional report measures from collateral
Conners-3
BDI
Multidimensional report measures from collateral
Child behavior checklist (CBCL)
BASC
Shedler Weston Assessment Procedure
SWAP; clinical measure done by therapist about client; collateral source
History of MMPI
developed by Stark Hathaway and CS McKinley
1930-40s
First version of MMPI
published in 1943
scales 5 and 0 were added later
Clinical scales of MMPI
- hypochondriasis
- depression
- hysteria
- psychopathic deviate
- masculinity-femininity
- paranoia
- psychasthenia (anxiety)
- schizophrenia
- hypomania
- social introversion
which scales were added later on
masculinity-femininity
social introversion
Uniform T scores for MMPI
mean: 50 SD: 10
uniform distribution forced on the clinical scales (except 5 and 0) and content scales
