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self report > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

methods of self-report test construction: Rational

A

very straight forward; items are written to capture understanding of what a trait is

characteristics:
tend to be face valid
susceptible to response biases (easily faked)
may be internally consistent or valid

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2
Q

Methods of self-report test construction: Factorial

A

generate a bunch of items and use factor analysis to cluster each item and see which go together; items are selected on the basis of factor analysis

Characteristics:
highly internally consistent
tend to be face valid
somewhat susceptible to response bia

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3
Q

Methods of self-report test construction: Empirical

A

generate a bunch of items and give to 2 groups, one group that is “fine” and one group with something you are looking at (ex depression –> so a group of folks with depression) and see which items differentiate the groups; harder to fake; items are selected on their ability to empirically distinguish one group from another

Characteristics:
often have low internal consistency
often items are not face valid
may be less susceptible to response bias

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4
Q

Thinking errors

A

fundamental attribution bias
confirmation bias
distinction bias
just world phenomenon

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5
Q

Clinical judgement; Dawes Faust and Meehl

A

using statistical methods to derive algorithms (i.e. MMPI)
some studies use artificial tasks that failed to tap their expertise
humans do have superior observational skills but better to enter them into decision-making algorithm

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6
Q

Clinical Judgement; Paul Eckman

A

facial recognition/facial expression; no difference between different groups of professionals and the lay public in effectively knowing when someone is lying

EXCEPT: secret service

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7
Q

nature of some errors in clinical judgement (1998 APA reports)

A
  1. may only elicit info that confirms hypotheses and ignores questions/info that would disprove it
  2. may compare patient to prototype rather than systematically evaluating on specific criteria
  3. may be overconfident rather than appropriately tentative
  4. Hindsight bias; wrongly assume we could have predicted the results AFTER being told the results
  5. may not consider relative frequency of the event they are predicting (rare events are harder to predict than common ones)
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8
Q

Clinical decision making

A

clinical intuition is very fallible, but we tend to ignore this fact
actuarial algorithms are better than clinical judgement

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9
Q

6 factor model

A
  1. extraversion
  2. conscientiousness
  3. openness to experience
  4. emotionality (rotated version of neuroticism)
  5. agreeableness
  6. honesty-humility (morality and prosociality)
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10
Q

Unidimensional

A

widely used for quick assessment of a specific issue

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11
Q

multidimensional

A

personality test, batteries that contain multiple scales, often include validity scales

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12
Q

unidimensional examples

A

BDI
DES-II
Y-BOC
MAST

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13
Q

problems with self report data

A

impulsivity
maturity
based on one’s theory of self (could be limiting but tells us how the person views themself)
not responsive to behavior change that can be tracked

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14
Q

types of psychometric data

A

observational data (teachers/parents)
life data (context)
self-report data
performance-based data (some folks dont respond honestly but performance data helps tease that out)
informants data (collateral)

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15
Q

s data

A

self report data

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16
Q

o data

A

other report data

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17
Q

unidimensional report measures from collateral

A

Conners-3
BDI

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18
Q

Multidimensional report measures from collateral

A

Child behavior checklist (CBCL)
BASC

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19
Q

Shedler Weston Assessment Procedure

A

SWAP; clinical measure done by therapist about client; collateral source

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20
Q

History of MMPI

A

developed by Stark Hathaway and CS McKinley
1930-40s

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21
Q

First version of MMPI

A

published in 1943
scales 5 and 0 were added later

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22
Q

Clinical scales of MMPI

A
  1. hypochondriasis
  2. depression
  3. hysteria
  4. psychopathic deviate
  5. masculinity-femininity
  6. paranoia
  7. psychasthenia (anxiety)
  8. schizophrenia
  9. hypomania
  10. social introversion
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23
Q

which scales were added later on

A

masculinity-femininity
social introversion

24
Q

Uniform T scores for MMPI

A

mean: 50 SD: 10
uniform distribution forced on the clinical scales (except 5 and 0) and content scales

25
Q

significant T scores

A

38 = 8 percentile
50 = 55 percentile
65 = 92 percentile

26
Q

General interpretive guidelines for T score

A

65 and above = elevated
60-65 = interpretable on validity and content scales
don’t pay as much attention to low scales but consider scales!

27
Q

Administration info for MMPI

A

MMPI = 18 years and older
MMPI-A = for adolescents 14-18
requires an 8th grade reading level
if IQ is 80-85 > may not be appropriate test

28
Q

test format

A

soft cover booklet
hardcover booklet (institutional setting)
audio recording
Spanish version
computerized administration (minor differences)

29
Q

MMPI-2-RF

A

shorter and viable alternative

30
Q

MMPI-3

A

update of the MMPI2-RF with new items and scales

31
Q

MMPI shortened

A

test can be scored if the first 370 items are answered; if someone is having a problem during it they can end at those; counts but not best practice

32
Q

ethical considerations for protecting test data

A

ethical responsibility to protect the integrity of the test
unethical to let someone take the MMPI or other psychological tests home with them

33
Q

Administration of MMPI

A
  1. establish rapport
  2. let them know why they are taking it, who will get results and that they will get feedback
  3. check reading levels by having them read the first aloud
  4. advise them to answer each question as they are now (not how they were in the past)
  5. when done look over to make sure they answered all items
34
Q

scoring methods for MMPI

A

handscore (inexpensive portable 20-30 minutes)
computer scoring (quicker, fewer errors, generate more scales

35
Q

validity scales check for..

A

“test taking attitude”
distorted responding

36
Q

different response styles

A

malingering
social desirability
claiming excessive virtue
acquiescence
non-acquiescence
extreme responding

37
Q

validity scales

A

?
L
F
K
Fb
VRIN
TRIN
S

38
Q

? scale

A

“cannot say”, sum of omitted and double scored items
10 items omitted interpret with caution
30 items omitted = invalid test

39
Q

high ? score

A

suggests carelessness
uncooperative
poor reading skills
ignored specific content area, indecisive,
lack of experience,
severe disturbance

40
Q

L scale

A

“lie scale”
only rationally developed scale > collection of unlikely virtue
detects naive deliberate unsophisticated attempts to be favorable
16 questions

41
Q

high L score

A

claiming excessive virtue
suggests that other scores show better picture than reality
“want to look good”
“things are better than they are”

42
Q

F scale

A

“infrequency scale”
very heterogeneous scale
detects deviant/atypical ways of responding
rare answers “not like most people”
elevations are confusing and confound with psychic disturbance and distress

43
Q

elevated F scale

A

reading difficulties
random responding due to confusing or inattention
uncooperative
malingering or conscious exaggeration
cry for help
demands for attention
true disturbance accurately reported

44
Q

VRIN scale

A

use VRIN to understand elevation in F scale
pairs of items that should be answered similarly
raw score >13 = inconsistent responses and probable invalidity

45
Q

High F and High VRIN

A

reading difficulties
random responding due to confusion or inattentive
willful random responding (uncooperative)

46
Q

High F and Normal/Low VRIN

A

malingering or exaggeration
cry for help or narcissistic demand for attention
true disturbance accurately reported

47
Q

Low F and Low VRIN

A

obsessive, indecisive or perfectionistic

especially if scale 7 is elevated

48
Q

K scale

A

social desirability
subtle index of attempts to deny and down play socially undesirable traits

49
Q

Fb Scale

A

“back page infrequency scale”
similar to F scale but covering last part of the test (after 370)
T > 80 = caution with interpreting items after 370
T >120 = items after 370 invalid
if F = valid but FB = invalid the person likely quit paying attention

50
Q

TRIN scale

A

True response inconsistency scale
detects tendency to answer true and tendency to answer false
high raw score = tendency to answer “true”; >13=invalid
low raw score = tendency to answer “false” ; <5 suggests invalid
not super useful

51
Q

S scale

A

superlative scale
detects presentation as highly virtuous, responsible, psychologically healthy
highly correlated with K

52
Q

Fp scale

A

infrequency psychopathology scale
useful in identifying faking bad
useful in forensic cases

53
Q

Mp scale

A

positive malingering scale
useful in detecting attempts to present in a favorable light

54
Q

FBS scale

A

fake bad scale
controversial
T score = 80-99 > possible inconsistent responding > check VRIN
if consistent responding = high FBS could reflect:
credible medical problems or symptom exaggeration

55
Q

K correction

A

Paul Meehl
way to adjust for excessive effort to downplay problems
accomplished by adding a % of K scale raw to scores

self report (5 decks)

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