Week 2

Question 1

Blood brain barrier

Answer 1

A physiological mechanism that alters the permeability of brain capillaries, so that some substances, such as certain drugs, are prevented from entering brain tissue, while other substances are allowed to enter freely.

Question 2

Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

Answer 2

User has significant and recurring impairments in their life as a result of the drug(s).

Question 3

Tolerance

Answer 3

Reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consume greater quantities to achieve the same effect.
-Often the result of the bodies attempt to maintain homeostasis

Question 4

Heroine consumption

Answer 4

Hypoventalation caused by heroine causes the body to increase breathing

Question 5

Withdrawal

Answer 5

Unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually.

Question 6

Depressants

Answer 6

Drugs that create a decrease in nervous system activity.

Question 7

Alcohol

Answer 7

• Increases GABA
• Decreases Glutamate
• At low doses inhibitory control centers in the cortex are “depressed”.
• Creates a release of inhibitions
  -“Upper” phase of drinking.

Question 8

What does alcohol/depressants do at higher doses

Answer 8

• Loss of motor coordination
• Impaired judgment
• “Downer” phase of drinking.

Question 9

What is alcohol myopia

Answer 9

A “short-sightedness” in thinking caused by a inability to pay attention to as much information as a sober person.

Question 10

Barbiturates and Tranquilizers

Answer 10

• a.k.a. sleeping pills and sedatives
• Increase GABA activity.
• Very addictive
• At high doses can lead to depression, a loss of motor coordination, and memory impairments.

Question 11

Stimulants

Answer 11

Drugs that create an increase in nervous system activity.

Question 12

Amphetamines

Answer 12

• Reduce sleep, fatigue, appetite, and depression.
• Increase dopamine and norepinephrine.
• Injections can lead to massive spikes in blood pressure causing a stroke.

Question 13

Amphetamine Psychosis

Answer 13

Schizophrenia-like hallucinations that occur when the brain’s dopamine activity is artificially increased far beyond normal levels by heavy and/or continuous amphetamine use.

Question 14

Methamphetamine

Answer 14

• Inhaled via smoking
• Ingredients to produce it are very accessible.
• More potent than standard amphetamines.
  -Increased probability of OD and dependence.
• Can cause aggression, paranoia, acne, “meth mouth”

Question 15

MDMA (ecstasy)

Answer 15

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Question 16

Cocaine

Answer 16

• Grows from a South American plant Erythroxylum coca.
• Was a common curative in the 1800s.
• Can be injected, snorted, or inhaled (smoked).
• Has analgesic properties.
• Creates excitement and euphoria.
• Blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine.
• Has (relatively) mild withdrawal symptoms that are accompanied by strong cravings for the drug.


analgesic: (of a drug) acting to relieve pain

Question 17

Opiates

Answer 17

• Drugs that bind to opioid/endorphin receptors and produce analgesic and euphoric effects.
• Derived from the opium poppy.
• Can produced increased levels of dopamine leading to euphoria.
• Can be administered in a variety of methods.

Question 18

Common opiate examples

Answer 18

• Morphine
• Codeine
• Heroin
• Fentanyl
• Oxy-Contin

Question 19

Hallucinogens / Psychedelics

Answer 19

• Drugs which cause dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought.
• Can enhance, distort, and intensify sensory experience.
• Effects are often unpredictable leading to paranoia, violence, and anxiety in some people.

Question 20

Cannabis

Answer 20

• Usually smoked, but can be consumed in a variety of forms.
• Comes from the leaves of the hemp plant (cannabis sativa)
• Primary ingredient THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)
  -Stimulates cannabinoid receptors

Question 21

Problem with Liker scale (happiness 1-10)

Answer 21

Not all people consider values representing certain things

Question 22

What does Behaviourism assume

Answer 22

• Assumes behaviour can be studied for its own sake.
• Assumes that the causes of behaviour (a natural event) only include natural phenomenal
  -Views behaviour as a function of evolved genetic and environmental forces.

Question 23

Behaviourism

Answer 23

It’s a pragmatic argument about how a science of behaviour should be conducted. The focus is on the practical methods and applications of studying behaviour, rather than on theoretical or philosophical debates about the nature of the mind or consciousness.

Question 24

What do behaviourists argue that behaviour is

Answer 24

Behaviour is a product of an organism (physiology,genetics,prior learning) in response to its environment

Question 25

Reflexes

Answer 25

• A relationsuip between a specific event and a simple response to that event
• Something that you don’t control

Question 26

Primary Laws of The Reflex

Answer 26

1. Law of Threshold
   -there is a point below which no response is created and above a response will occur
2. Law of Intensity-Magnitude
   - Increases in stimulus intensity (or magnitude), also increase the intensity (or magnitude) of the response.
3. Law of Latency
   - the more intense a stimulus the faster the response

Question 27

Habituation

Answer 27

• A decrease in the intensity or probability of a reflex response resulting from repeated exposure to a stimulus that evokes that response.
  -Habituation is perhaps the simplest form of learning.

Question 28

Fixed action patterns

Answer 28

• A series of related acts found in (nearly) all members of a species.
• Occurs when the appropriate releaser stimulus (or stimuli) is present.

(ex. goose rolling egg-like things into nest)

Question 29

General Behaviour Traits

Answer 29

Any general behavioural tendency that is strongly influenced by genes.

e.g. introversion, general anxiety, activity level, aggressiveness, drug abuse

Question 30

General Behaviour Traits evidence

Answer 30

• Selective breeding
• Gene knockout
• Twin studies