Week 2 Flashcards
Blood brain barrier
A physiological mechanism that alters the permeability of brain capillaries, so that some substances, such as certain drugs, are prevented from entering brain tissue, while other substances are allowed to enter freely.
Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorder (SUD)
User has significant and recurring impairments in their life as a result of the drug(s).
Tolerance
Reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consume greater quantities to achieve the same effect.
-Often the result of the bodies attempt to maintain homeostasis
Heroine consumption
Hypoventalation caused by heroine causes the body to increase breathing
Withdrawal
Unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually.
Depressants
Drugs that create a decrease in nervous system activity.
Alcohol
- Increases GABA
- Decreases Glutamate
- At low doses inhibitory control centers in the cortex are “depressed”.
- Creates a release of inhibitions
-“Upper” phase of drinking.
What does alcohol/depressants do at higher doses
- Loss of motor coordination
- Impaired judgment
- “Downer” phase of drinking.
What is alcohol myopia
A “short-sightedness” in thinking caused by a inability to pay attention to as much information as a sober person.
Barbiturates and Tranquilizers
- a.k.a. sleeping pills and sedatives
- Increase GABA activity.
- Very addictive
- At high doses can lead to depression, a loss of motor coordination, and memory impairments.
Stimulants
Drugs that create an increase in nervous system activity.
Amphetamines
- Reduce sleep, fatigue, appetite, and depression.
- Increase dopamine and norepinephrine.
- Injections can lead to massive spikes in blood pressure causing a stroke.
Amphetamine Psychosis
Schizophrenia-like hallucinations that occur when the brain’s dopamine activity is artificially increased far beyond normal levels by heavy and/or continuous amphetamine use.
Methamphetamine
- Inhaled via smoking
- Ingredients to produce it are very accessible.
- More potent than standard amphetamines.
-Increased probability of OD and dependence. - Can cause aggression, paranoia, acne, “meth mouth”
MDMA (ecstasy)
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Cocaine
- Grows from a South American plant Erythroxylum coca.
- Was a common curative in the 1800s.
- Can be injected, snorted, or inhaled (smoked).
- Has analgesic properties.
- Creates excitement and euphoria.
- Blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine.
- Has (relatively) mild withdrawal symptoms that are accompanied by strong cravings for the drug.
analgesic: (of a drug) acting to relieve pain
Opiates
- Drugs that bind to opioid/endorphin receptors and produce analgesic and euphoric effects.
- Derived from the opium poppy.
- Can produced increased levels of dopamine leading to euphoria.
- Can be administered in a variety of methods.
Common opiate examples
- Morphine
- Codeine
- Heroin
- Fentanyl
- Oxy-Contin
Hallucinogens / Psychedelics
- Drugs which cause dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought.
- Can enhance, distort, and intensify sensory experience.
- Effects are often unpredictable leading to paranoia, violence, and anxiety in some people.
Cannabis
- Usually smoked, but can be consumed in a variety of forms.
- Comes from the leaves of the hemp plant (cannabis sativa)
- Primary ingredient THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)
-Stimulates cannabinoid receptors
Problem with Liker scale (happiness 1-10)
Not all people consider values representing certain things
What does Behaviourism assume
- Assumes behaviour can be studied for its own sake.
- Assumes that the causes of behaviour (a natural event) only include natural phenomenal
-Views behaviour as a function of evolved genetic and environmental forces.
Behaviourism
It’s a pragmatic argument about how a science of behaviour should be conducted. The focus is on the practical methods and applications of studying behaviour, rather than on theoretical or philosophical debates about the nature of the mind or consciousness.
What do behaviourists argue that behaviour is
Behaviour is a product of an organism (physiology,genetics,prior learning) in response to its environment
Reflexes
- A relationsuip between a specific event and a simple response to that event
- Something that you don’t control
Primary Laws of The Reflex
- Law of Threshold
-there is a point below which no response is created and above a response will occur - Law of Intensity-Magnitude
- Increases in stimulus intensity (or magnitude), also increase the intensity (or magnitude) of the response. - Law of Latency
- the more intense a stimulus the faster the response
Habituation
- A decrease in the intensity or probability of a reflex response resulting from repeated exposure to a stimulus that evokes that response.
-Habituation is perhaps the simplest form of learning.
Fixed action patterns
- A series of related acts found in (nearly) all members of a species.
- Occurs when the appropriate releaser stimulus (or stimuli) is present.
(ex. goose rolling egg-like things into nest)
General Behaviour Traits
Any general behavioural tendency that is strongly influenced by genes.
e.g. introversion, general anxiety, activity level, aggressiveness, drug abuse
General Behaviour Traits evidence
- Selective breeding
- Gene knockout
- Twin studies
