Chapter 10

Question 1

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 1

is the drive to perform a behavior simply because it is enjoyable or satisfying in itself. An example is playing a game for fun.

Question 2

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

is the drive to perform a behavior in order to earn a reward or avoid punishment. An example is studying for a test to get a good grade.

Question 3

Instinct theory

Answer 3

suggests that behaviors are driven by innate, biological instincts. An example is birds migrating south for the winter.

Question 4

Drive reduction theory

Answer 4

proposes that behaviors are motivated by the need to satisfy physiological needs or reduce internal tension. An example is eating when hungry.

Question 5

Self-efficacy theory

Answer 5

states that motivation is influenced by a person’s belief in their ability to accomplish a task. An example is a student feeling motivated to study because they believe they can do well on the test.

Question 6

Social motives theory

Answer 6

suggests that behaviors are motivated by the need to fulfill social needs, such as belonging or acceptance. An example is a person joining a club to make friends.

Question 7

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 7

a theory that suggests people are motivated to fulfill certain needs in a specific order.

Question 8

Maslow’s needs, from lowest to highest, are

Answer 8

1. Physiological needs, such as hunger and thirst
2. Safety needs, such as feeling secure and protected
3. Love and belonging needs, such as forming relationships and feeling part of a group
4. Esteem needs, such as feeling respected and valued by others
5. Self-actualization needs, such as fulfilling one’s potential and achieving personal growth.

Question 9

What are the physiological mechanisms that regulate hunger?

Answer 9

Empty stomach contraction, chemical messages that signal hunger to the brain, and glucose level drop that generates hunger.

Question 10

What are the physiological mechanisms that regulate satiation?

Answer 10

• Blood glucose level increase signals to shut off hunger,
• food’s passage through the gastrointestinal tract provides important satiety signals to the brain,
• fat cells release leptin, a satiety hormone.

Question 11

Where is the integration of the hunger and satiety signals occur in the brain?

Answer 11

Several areas of the hypothalamus and hindbrain.

Question 12

What is the set-point theory?

Answer 12

The set-point theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, which is resistant to change.

Question 13

What is the set-point theory?

Answer 13

The set-point theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, which is resistant to change.

Question 14

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

Answer 14

Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and a significant restriction of food intake.

Question 15

What are the common symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa?

Answer 15

Common symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa include
* excessive weight loss,
* refusal to maintain a healthy weight,
* preoccupation with food and weight,
* distorted body image.

Question 16

What are the potential health consequences of Anorexia Nervosa?

Answer 16

Potential health consequences of Anorexia Nervosa include
* malnutrition,
* osteoporosis,
* heart problems,
* gastrointestinal issues,
* infertility.

Question 17

What is Bulimia Nervosa?

Answer 17

Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a cycle of binge eating followed by purging, which may include vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise.

Question 18

What are the common symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa?

Answer 18

Common symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa include recurrent episodes of binge eating, a sense of lack of control over eating, and recurrent purging behaviors.

Question 19

What are the potential health consequences of Bulimia Nervosa?

Answer 19

Potential health consequences of Bulimia Nervosa include electrolyte imbalances, gastrointestinal problems, dental issues, and heart problems.

Question 20

Understand basic biological mechanisms regulating sexual behavior and motivation

Answer 20

• The hypothalamus plays a key role in regulating sexual behavior and motivation
• Hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone also play a significant role in regulating sexual behavior and desire

Question 21

the importance of Alfred Kinsey’s research on human sexuality

Answer 21

• Kinsey’s research revealed that sexual behavior is more complex and diverse than previously thought
• His research helped to break down social stigmas surrounding sexuality and paved the way for further research on the topic

Question 22

contributions that William Masters and Virginia Johnson’s research made to our understanding of the sexual response cycle

Answer 22

• Masters and Johnson’s research identified and described the four stages of the sexual response cycle: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
• Their research provided a foundation for future research on sexual dysfunction and treatment

Question 23

Define sexual orientation and gender identity

Answer 23

• Sexual orientation refers to an individual’s emotional and physical attraction to others, such as same-sex attraction, opposite-sex attraction, or attraction to both sexes
• Gender identity refers to an individual’s internal sense of their gender, which may or may not correspond with their biological sex

Question 24

Describe the role that limbic structures play in emotional processing

Answer 24

• The amygdala is a key limbic structure involved in the processing and regulation of emotions, particularly fear and anxiety
• The hippocampus is involved in the formation and retrieval of memories, including emotional memories
• The prefrontal cortex is involved in regulating and controlling emotional responses and behaviors

Question 25

Understand the ubiquitous nature of producing and recognizing emotional expression

Answer 25

• Emotional expressions, such as facial expressions, vocalizations, and body language, are universal and recognized across cultures
• Emotional expressions are an important form of nonverbal communication that convey information about a person’s emotional state and intentions
• The ability to produce and recognize emotional expressions is crucial for social functioning and communication

Question 26

what did the James-Lange theory suggest

Answer 26

emotions arise from physical bodily reactions to stimuli

Question 27

What did the Cannon-Bard theory propose

Answer 27

that emotional responses occur simultaneously with physical reactions

Question 28

What did the two-factor theory of emotion, suggest and who proposed it

Answer 28

• That emotions arise from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of the situation
• Schachter and Singer