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Psych 104 FINAL > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Supposed measures of consciousness

A
  • Self-Reports
  • Physiological measures (e.g., EEG)
  • Behavioural measures
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2
Q

Cognitive view of consciousness

A

The cognitive view of consciousness proposes that consciousness is a product of complex cognitive processes in the brain, such as attention, perception, memory, and language.

analogy: Humans are “information processors”. The “mind” is the computer’s software and the brain is the computer’s hardware.

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3
Q

Controlled (effortful) Processing:

A

Mental processing that requires some degree of volitional control and attentiveness.

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4
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Mental activities that occur automatically and require no or minimal conscious control or awareness.

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5
Q

Divided attention

A

The ability to perform more than one activity at the same time.

Difficult if tasks require similar cognitive resources.

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6
Q

Circadian Rythm

A

Cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many biological processes.
* Brain’s “biological clock”.
* Pineal gland releases a hormone melatonin.

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7
Q

Circadian Rythm regulator

A

Regulated by the Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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8
Q

SCN location

A
  • Located in hypothalamus
  • Pineal gland releases a hormone melatonin.
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9
Q

How does SCN learn

A

Retinal signals

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10
Q

Sleep deprivation results

A
  • Difficulties learning
  • Poor attention
  • Lethargy
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11
Q

Sleep deprivation health causes

A
  • Weight gain
  • Diabetes
  • Heart problems
  • Weakened immune systems
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12
Q

Needed amount of sleep dependants

A
  • Age
  • Health
  • Quality of sleep
  • Genetics
  • Species
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13
Q

Randy Gardner takeaway

A
  • Stayed awake for 264 hours
  • Rem sleep increased following sleep deprivation
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14
Q

Stages of sleep (PART 1)

A

Awake and Alert:
* Beta Waves
Calm wakefulness:
* Alpha waves
Stage 1:
* Theta waves
* Myoclonic jerks
* Hypnagogic imagery

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15
Q

More stages of sleep

A

Stage 2:
Sleep Spindles
* Short burst of neural activity.
K-complexes
* A large waveform that occurs intermittently.
Stage 3 and 4:
Delta waves (1-2 waves per second)
* Stage 3 < 50% of waves are delta.
* Stage 4 > 50% of waves are delta.
* “Deep sleep” required for feeling well rested.
* Time spent in deep sleep declines with age.

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16
Q

Last stage of sleep

A

Stage 5 (REM sleep):
Rapid eye movement (REM)
* Darting of the eyes underneath closed eyelids during sleep.
Non-REM sleep (NREM)
* Stages 1 through 4 of the sleep cycle, during which rapid eye movements do not occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivid.
REM sleep
* Stage of sleep during which the brain is most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs.
* Rebounds when REM sleep is lost

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17
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling and staying asleep.

Factors such as age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines can contribute to insomnia

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18
Q

Types of Insomnia

A
  • Regularly taking more than 30 minutes to fall asleep.
  • Waking too early in the morning.
  • Waking up during the night and having trouble returning to sleep.
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19
Q

Behavioural Insomnia management

A
  • Make sure you have a consistent wake schedule.
  • Go to bed only when you are tired (e.g., nodding off).
  • If you are in bed and not sleeping get out of bed (set a criteria, e.g., 10 minutes).
  • Only use your bed for the purposes of sleeping (not reading and watching tv).
  • Exercise regularly.
  • Avoid drugs like alcohol and caffeine in the evening.
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20
Q

Pharmacological Insomnia management

A
  • Can be addictive.
  • Have adverse side effects (e.g., amnesia)
  • Can lead to rebound insomnia.
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21
Q

How do Cortisol and Melatonin interact

A

As one’s production begins to ramp up the other begins to slow down

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22
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Falling of sleep during the day uncontrollably

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23
Q

Narcolepsy symptoms

A
  • “Sleep attacks”
  • Cataplexy
  • Hypnagogic (Falling asleep) and Hypnopompic (waking up) hallucinations.
  • Sleep paralysis
  • Disturbed nighttime sleep
24
Q

Narcolepsy causes

A
  • Insufficient hypocretin producing neurons in the hypothalamus.
  • Genes play small role but do not tell the whole story
25
Q

Narcolepsy treatment

A
  • Stimulants
  • Behavioural strategies
26
Q

(Obstructive) Sleep Apnea

A

Disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue.

27
Q

Health problems from (Obstructive) Sleep Apnea

A
  • Night sweats
  • Weight gain
  • Hearing loss
  • Irregular heartbeat
  • Raises risk of death.
28
Q

Sleep Apnea (Obstructive) treatment

A
  • Weight loss
  • CPAP air mask
29
Q

Night Terrors

A
  • Sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep.
  • Lasts a few minutes.
  • Stages 3 and 4 (not REM)
  • Harmless
30
Q

Night Terror treatment

A

Getting older

31
Q

Sleepwalking

A
  • Walking while fully asleep.
  • Occurs during deep sleep stages.
  • Usually harmless.
  • Person is often not aware they have done it.
  • Occurs more often in children.
  • Contrary to popular belief it is perfectly safe to wake-up a sleepwalker.
32
Q

Dreams

A
  • Most people dream but a large number of people typically can’t recall or forget their dreams after waking from a night’s sleep.
  • Lab studies that wake individuals during REM show that self-reported “non-dreamers” do actually dream.
  • Rare to never experience dream
33
Q

Cross-Cultural similarities for dreams

A
  • Dreams are typically more negative (emotionally and thematically) than positive.
  • Ratio of male to female characters within a dream
    1:1 for women
    2:1 for men
  • Dream content is often continuous with past or present pre-occupations of the individual dreamer.
34
Q

Freuds theory that explains why we dream

A

Freud’s Dream Protection Theory

35
Q

The Interpretation of Dreams (Die Traumdeutung)

A
  • Published by Sigmund Freud in 1899
  • Dreams reflect “wish-fulfillment” of unconscious desires.
    Prevents unconscious urges from ruining sleep.
  • Primitive unconscious urges/desires are expressed symbolically within the dream and require “interpretation”.
  • Manifest Content
  • Latent Content
36
Q

Manifest Content

A

The raw facts and details about the dream.

37
Q

Latent Content

A

The underlying meaning about details within the dream.

38
Q

Problems with Freuds Dream Theory

A
  • People with brain damage who can’t dream will sleep soundly.
  • Dreams are often not wish-fulling:
    Mostly negative
    Consist of benign people and activities
    Can be nightmarish.
  • Most dreams involve no sexual themes.
39
Q

What is Activation Synthesis Theory

A
  • Theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which cortical regions of the brain then attempt to weave into a story.
  • REM is induced by increased Acetylcholine in the Pons and reductions in Serotonin and Norepinephrine.
40
Q

What is Charles Bonnet Syndrome

A

People who cant see recieve crazy detailed hallucinations who can’t see

41
Q

What do scientists believe happens when we lose an ability to sense something

A

The brain will try and fit in the “grey areas” with previous remembered stimulus thus creating hallucinations

42
Q

What is the new general idea of hallucinations

A

That they are much closer to what we actually perceive

43
Q

Out of body experiences (OBE)

A
  • The sensation of our consciousness leaving our body.
  • People who experience OBE’s often report other strange experiences as well (e.g., hallucinations, perceptual distortions, lucid dreams, etc.)
  • OBE’s often occur in conjunction with near-death experiences
44
Q

What is the God Helmet

A
  • Bike Helmet created by Stanley Koren
  • Implied EMR created illusions and OBE
  • Most likely attributed to sensory deprivation and not EMR
45
Q

Deja Vu

A
  • Feeling of reliving an experience that’s new.
  • Lasts approx. 10-30 seconds.
  • Resemblance of past events poorly remembered.
46
Q

Deja Vu possible causes

A
  • Excess levels of dopamine in temporal lobe.
  • People with small temporal lobe seizures will report Déjà Vu prior to the seizure.
47
Q

Hypnosis

A
  • Set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
  • People are chosen to be “hypnotized” on the basis of their suggestibility. They are not “hypnotized” to be suggestable.
48
Q

Hypnosis myths

A
  • Puts people in a “trance.”
  • People can be made to do things they don’t want to do.
  • People are unaware of their surroundings.
  • People forget what took place.
  • Hypnosis can give you special abilities.
  • Hypnotism enhances memory.
49
Q

Regression Therapy

A

People are hypnotized to remember events from childhood (where their psych problems originated).

50
Q

Problem with Regression therapy

A
  • Reports of age-regressed individuals often cannot be corroborated by individuals present at the time.
  • Poggendorf Illusion
  • EEG responses
51
Q

Past-Life Regression Therapy

A

People are regressed to remember events from a past life.

52
Q

Problem with Past-Life Regression Therapy

A
  • Branch of Regression Therapy
  • Claims of regressed individuals often prove false when fact-checked.
  • Ability to be regressed to a past-life is dependent on a belief in reincarnation.
53
Q

Psychoactive drug

A
  • Substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons.
  • Alter how we think, feel, and act.
54
Q

what do Effects of the drug depend on

A
  • Type
  • Dose
55
Q

placebo model for psychoactive drugs

A

The combination of use of drugs and placebo to monitor behaviour

56
Q

What do the routes of administration do for drugs

A
  • Determine how they enter the bloodstream
  • Determine how quicly they enter the bloodstream

Psych 104 FINAL (6 decks)

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