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ANAP 500 - Physiology 1 - Lancaster > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Is the phosphate in the phospholipid bilayer heads organic or inorganic?

A

Organic

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1
Q

Name two interchangeable nitrogenous bases for mono- di- or triphosphates

A

Adenosine and guanosine

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2
Q

Is the phosphate that is used to make ATP organic or inorganic?

A

Inorganic

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3
Q

A wavy line ~ designates

A

A high energy, usually refers to a high energy phosphate

~PO4

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4
Q

Define phosphorylation

A

Addition of a high energy phosphate group, usually associated with activation of the substance

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5
Q

What enzyme is required for phosphorylation?

A

Kinase

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6
Q

Define DEphosphorylation

A

removal of a high energy phosphate group, usually associated with DEactivation of the substance

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7
Q

What enzyme is required for DEphosphorylation?

A

Phosphatase

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8
Q

A “valence of 1+” indicates that an ion has _

A

A positive charge of one plus, it has lost one electron

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9
Q

If an atom or molecule is “reduced” it means that atom or molecule has a more __ charge, in other words it has __ electrons which are negatively charged.

A

Negative

Gained

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10
Q

If an atom or molecule is “oxidized” it means that atom or molecule has a more __ charge, in other words it has __ electrons which are negatively charged.

A

Positive

Lost

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11
Q

Redox (reduction / oxidation) reactions are always __, one molecule loses electrons and another gains them. Electrons cannot just be thrown away, they only move from one molecule to another.

A

Coupled

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12
Q

Redox reactions may be the transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than electrons. The loss of either an electron or a hydrogen atom is called __, the gain of electrons or hydrogen atoms is called __
(Think of the charge, will it be more positive-oxidation OR more negative-reduction?)

A

Oxidation

Reduction

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13
Q

If Fe+++ changed to Fe++, was it reduced or oxidized? In other words, did the net charge increase or “reduce”? TEST QUESTION

A

Reduced

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14
Q

If Cu++ changed to Cu+++, was it reduced or oxidized? In other words, did the net charge increase or “reduce”? TEST QUESTION

A

Oxidized

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15
Q

If you add two hydrogen molecules to pyruvic acid to make lactic acid, was it reduced or oxidized? In other words, did the net charge increase or “reduce”? TEST QUESTION

A

Reduced, adding hydrogen is the same as adding electrons

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16
Q

If you REMOVE two hydrogen molecules from NADH+H to make NAD, was it reduced or oxidized? In other words, did the net charge increase or “reduce”? TEST QUESTION

A

Oxidized, removing hydrogen is the same as removing electrons, it becomes less negative

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17
Q

If you add two hydrogen molecules to FAD to make FADH2, was it reduced or oxidized? In other words, did the net charge increase or “reduce”? TEST QUESTION

A

Reduced, adding hydrogen is the same as adding electrons, the net charge is “reduced” (more negative)

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18
Q

NAD can accept __ electrons but only __ proton, thus in the reduced state there is a leftover hydrogen+ ion
TEST QUESTION

A

Two electrons

One proton

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19
Q

FAD can accept __ electrons and __ protons unlike NAD

A

Two

Two

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20
Q

Each NADH will yield __ ATP in the electron transport chain

“N” has three lines

A

Three

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21
Q

Each FADH will yield __ ATP in the electron transport chain

“F” has two arms

A

Two

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22
Q

Two molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural formula are called __
Ex. Glucose and fructose

A

Isomers

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23
Q

Two isomers that are mirror images of each other are called __

A

Stereoisomers - sremosioeretS

Thanks McCarver for the mental image

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24
Be able to recognize the chemical structure for glucose for test
C6 H12 O6
25
The net outcome of glycolysis is __ ATP and __ NADH
2 | 2
26
In anaerobic metabolism, how do the two molecules of pyruvic acid become reduced to two molecules of lactic acid?
The two NADH formed during glycolysis donate their hydrogen molecules which "reduce" the overall charge of pyruvic to lactic
27
What enzyme is capable of converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid and vice versa? What is required for this conversion?
Lactate dehydrogenase | NADH must donate H
28
How can lactic acid be converted into pyruvic acid and then into glucose? What is the byproduct?
In the liver via the Cori cycle using lactate dehydrogenase. HCO3 bicarb is the byproduct
29
How might lactated ringers benefit your patient? How might it harm your patient?
If healthy liver and good perfusion, lactate can be converted to glucose via cori cycle and have byproduct of bicarb to offset acidosis. If bad liver or poor perfusion, can lead to acidosis from dysfunctional cori cycle.
30
In glycolysis, how do you convert glucose into glucose-6-phosphate?
Break an ATP into ADP and add the phosphate group to the number 6 carbon on the glucose
31
In glycolysis, after you have rearranged glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate, how do you make fructose-1-6-BIphosphate?
Break another ATP down to ADP and add the phosphate to the #1 carbon on fructose-6-phosphate to make fructose-1-6-BIphosphate.
32
In glycolysis, after the one molecule of fructose-1-6-BIphosphate is converted to TWO molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, what is reduced to make TWO molecules of 1,3-BPG
2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH, which will eventually donate hydrogen ions in the electron transport chain
33
REALLY IMPORTANT- red blood cells have some special enzymes that converts 1,3-BPG to 2,3-BPG. So what?
Regulates oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, regulates binding and release of oxygen from hemoglobin
34
In glycolysis, the FIRST ACTUAL ATP synthesis is when two molecules of 1,3-BPG dephosphorylate into two molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid, donating their phosphates to make 2 ADP into 2 ATP
FIRST ACTUAL ATP synthesis
35
In glycolysis, two molecules of 2-phosphoglyceric acid convert to two molecules of phosphoenolpyruvic acid, which then dephosphorylate into two molecules of pyruvic acid, donating two phosphates to two ADP to make two ATP
Second set of ATP formed in hydrolysis.
36
Each molecule of pyruvic acid becomes _ acetyl coA, and _ NADH is formed, each acetyl coA turns the Krebs cycle _ time
One One One
37
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
The mitochondrion
38
You only need to remember the first and last acid in the citric acid cycle, the first one is __ acid, the last one is __ acid
Citric | Oxaloacetic
39
All of the acids in the Krebs cycle are collectively called __ acids TEST QUESTION
Keto
40
Keto acids are a permanent part of the __ acid cycle in the mitochondria TEST QUESTION
Citric
41
TEST QUESTION | Do Keto acids cause ketoacidosis?
NO
42
For each turn of the citric acid cycle, how many ATP are made?
one
43
For each turn of the citric acid cycle, how many NADH are made?
Three | N has three lines again
44
For each turn of the citric acid cycle, how many FADH2 are made?
One | F only has one leg this time
45
For each turn of the citric acid cycle, how many CO2 are made?
Two
46
For each glucose of molecule invested, the electron transport chain can produce __ ATP and __ molecules of H2o
34 | 6
47
In the electron transport chain, structures 1-4 are called __. They contain __ that allows them to become alternately reduced and oxidized.
Cytochromes | Iron
48
Where does structure 1 get it's electrons and protons?
NADH Nads before fads because nads can ultimately produce 3 ATP, fads can only produce 2 ATP, so nads get the first structure.
49
Structure 2 is lame, it can't use the electrons given to it by FADH2 so it passes them down to structure _
3
50
Structure 3 is awesome because it accepts electrons from structures 1 and 2 AND transports a proton into the _ matrix
Outer
51
Structure 4 is moderately awesome. It has to take its electrons from 3 (who is AWESOME and got some from both 1 and 2) but 4 can move a proton to the outer matrix AND it donates electrons to combine with hydrogen and oxygen to make _
Water
52
Structure __ is the only one of the four that is NOT a proton pump
2, it is so lame
53
What is the FINAL electron acceptor? | What is the byproduct of that reaction?
Molecular oxygen | Water
54
What three gradients favor the movement of hydrogen ions from outer to inner matrix?
Concentration gradient pH gradient Electrical gradient
55
ATP synthase captures the energy from hydrogen proton flow from outer to inner matrix and adds that energy to ADP to make _
ATP
56
What process takes place in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis
57
What processes take place in the mitochondrion?
Krebs and electron transport chain
58
Glycolysis is the __ of one glucose molecule to __ pyruvic acid molecules
Oxidation | Two
59
Glycolysis produces a gross of __ ATP via substrate level phosphorylation and subsequently a net of __ ATP
4 | 2
60
Besides for ATP, glycolysis produces _ NADH and _ H+ which will ultimately make _ ATP via oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain
2 2 6
61
In the mitochondrion, the formation of acetyl coA from pyruvic acid has a byproduct of _ NADH and _ H+ which will ultimately make _ ATP via oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain
2 2 6
62
In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of succinyl coA to succinic acid makes _ GTP by substrate level phosphorylation (GTP then converted to ATP)
2
63
In the Krebs cycle, _ NADH and _ H+ are produced which will ultimately make _ ATP by oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain.
6 6 18
64
In the Krebs cycle, _ FADH2 are produced which will ultimately make _ ATP by oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain.
2 | 4
65
The TOTAL ATP produced by one molecule of glucose is gross _ and net _
40 | 38
66
Once formed in the cell, glucose-6-phosphate CANNOT __ out of the cell except in __
Diffuse | Hepatocytes (liver cells)
67
When glucose crosses into hepatocytes, __ converts it into glucose-6-phosphate and is __. But in NONhepatocytes, __ converts glucose to g-6-p and it is NON__
Glucokinase Reversible Hexokinase NONreversible
68
In hepatocytes, __ can reverse or "DEphosphorylate" g-6-p into glucose
Phosphatase
69
How does excess glucose make you fat? Glucose -> glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate -> Lipogenesis -> glycerol -> triglycerides Also, acetyl coA -> lipogenesis -> free fatty acids G, g3p, L, G, T Glucose "gives 3 phats", liposuction glistens "tri fats" (glistens = melts) ``` AcoA, lipo, FFA A company (specializing in) liposuction for Fat Farmers of America ```
G, g3p, L, G, T AcoA lipo FFA Glucose gives 3 phats but liposuction glistens 3 fats so invest in a company that specializes in liposuction for the Fat Farmers of America.
70
Excess acetyl coA undergoes _genesis to form _ bodies and causes _ acidosis
Keto Ketone Keto
71
How do proteins become energy? Glucogenic amino acids undergo gluco-neo-genesis and are inserted into the _ acid cycle, while ketogenic amino acids are made into _
Citric | Acetyl coA
72
How would you describe a fatty acid?
A long chain of carbons with attached hydrogens and a COOH carboxyl group at one end
73
When you are counting the carbons in a fatty acid, DO NOT include the _
Carbon in the carboxyl group
74
What process allows fatty acids to be used as an energy source?
Beta oxidation
75
Where does beta oxidation take place?
In the cytoplasm
76
What is the outcome of beta oxidation of fatty acids?
Acetyl coA that can then be used in the Krebs cycle
77
What is required to get beta oxidation going?
Two high energy phosphate bonds Two ATP -> two ADP OR One ATP -> one AMP
78
Each beta oxidation gives you _ NADH, _ FADH2, _ acetyl coA 1 NADH = 3 ATP 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP 1 acetyl coA = one turn of Krebs / ETC = 12 ATP THUS, each beta oxidation yields 17 ATP
1 1 1
79
Each beta oxidation yields _ ATP
17
80
For beta oxidation, DON'T COUNT the last pair of carbons, they simply become an acetyl coA Acetyl coA turns the Krebs / ETC one time for an ATP yield of _ ATP, thus the final pair of carbons yields _ ATP
12 | 12
81
Beta oxidation simplified 1- count the pairs of carbons, do not include the carboxyl group COOH 2- the last pair becomes acetyl coA and yields 12 ATP 3- the other pairs undergo beta oxidation and yield 17 ATP 4- subtract 2 ATP to get beta oxidation going
Example - cc|cc|cc|COOH 1- 3 pair of carbons, COOH carboxyl group doesn't count 2- one pair becomes AcoA and yields 12 ATP 3- the other two pair undergo beta oxidation and yield 17 ATP each, 17x2= 34 ATP 4- minus 2 ATP to start beta oxidation 12 + 34 - 2 = 44 ATP net
82
What is the net yield if this fatty acid undergoes beta oxidation? cc|cc|cc|cc|cc|COOH (Hint 12,17,-2)
cc|cc|cc|cc|cc|COOH 1- Five pair of carbons 2- One pair becomes AcoA = 12 ATP 3- Other four pair beta oxidation = 17 x 4 pair = 68 ATP 4- Minus 2 ATP to start beta ox 12 + 68 - 2 = 78 ATP net
83
Since a triglyceride has three identical fatty acids, how would you calculate the net ATP?
Compute ATP from one fatty acid and then multiply by 3
84
What is a substrate?
Something that's acted upon
85
Glucogenic amino acids can be metabolized into glucose via _
Gluco neo genesis
86
Ketogenic amino acids can be metabolized into acetyl coA, which can start the _ acid cycle, or in excess forms ketone bodies which can cause _
Citric | Ketoacidosis
87
Both glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids can be sources for _ synthesis
ATP
88
What is transamination of amino acids?
Changing one amino acid into another, start with an essential amino acid and end with a non-essential amino acid
89
Where does transamination of amino acids happen?
Liver and muscle cells
90
What is the name of the family of enzymes that carries out amino acid transamination?
Transaminase
91
Name some transaminases
SGOT, SGPT, and others
92
What does it mean if transaminases such as SGOT or SGPT is elevated?
Destruction of liver cells
93
What is deamination?
Remove an amine group from an amino acid to make pyruvic acid or a keto acid which can be used for energy
94
What is the urea cycle?
When an amine group is removed during deamination, it is then combined with hydrogen to make ammonia, which the liver then combines with CO2 to make urea, which is then excreted in urine. So the urea cycle removes surplus amine group by making urea
95
Substrates for gluco neo genesis
- Glycerol from triglycerides - Glucogenic amino acids via pyruvic acid or Keto acids of Krebs cycle - Lactate (cori cycle) GGPKL
96
Other substances which can be energy but do not make glucose
``` Ketogenic amino acids (converted to acetyl coA) Ketone bodies (if acetyl coA is formed faster than can be used) ```
97
How would you know if you were looking at a molecule of Fructose or glucose?
Fructose has Five sides | glucose has six
98
Excess acetyl coA eventually leads to ketoacidosis through the build up of ketone bodies. What are three intermediaries? Two aces and a "bet"
Acetoacetic acid "Bet"a-hydroxybutyric acid Acetone

ANAP 500 - Physiology 1 - Lancaster (4 decks)

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