Test 2 Flashcards by John Meyers

Extracellular and intracellular Na+ sodium

140/14 mEq/L

sometimes it seem like you can shake the salt shaker 140 times and all you get is 14 little grains of salt because the holes are so small.

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Extracellular and intracellular K+ potassium

4/140 mEq/L

I ate four bananas and got 140% of my recommended daily dose of potassium

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Extracellular and intracellular Ca++ calcium

2.4/0.0001 mEq/L

If you drank 2.4 glasses of milk a day it’s still only 1/10,000 of how much a dairy cow can produce in her lifetime.

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Extracellular and intracellular Mg++ magnesium

1.2/58 mEq/L

If you got constipated and drank 1.2 bottles of milk of mag, you’d probably have to go the bathroom 58 times before it wore off.

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Extracellular and intracellular Cl- chloride

103/4 mEq/L

Chloride makes me think of hot tubs (chlorine) and if you jump in a hot tub that’s 103 degrees F you’re gonna get 4th degree burns on your body.

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Extracellular and intracellular HPO4– phosphate

4/75 mEq/L

You’ve heard of adenosine triphosphate, but have you heard of adenosine QUADRUPLEphosphate?? It’s like supercharged ATP and has 75,000 calories in each phosphate bond. VROOM VROOM!!

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Extracellular and intracellular glucose

90/0-20 mg/dL

Glucose makes me think of checking my patient’s blood sugar, and if it was 90 I would give them 0 units of insulin because that’s a perfect BG.

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Extracellular and intracellular pCO2 partial pressure carbon dioxide

40-45/~45-50 mmHg

Your carbon dioxide levels are highest if you hold your breath for 40-50 seconds.

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Extracellular and intracellular pO2 partial pressure oxygen

35-40/~20 mmHg

If you take 35 to 40 BIG breaths it could raise you oxygen sats about 20 percent.

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Extracellular and intracellular amino acids

30/200 mg/dL

Amino acids makes me think of protein which can be found in steaks, so if you ate 30 steaks a day you’d probably gain 200 pounds of muscle.

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You might have noticed that there is virtually NO calcium inside the cell. That is because it would cause mitochondria to dysfunction and no __ would be produced, so it’s very important that calcium only enter the cell transiently as it does with skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.

ATP

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Magnesium is a very important __-factor in many cellular processes.

co-factor

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Does glucose have a concentration gradient or an electrochemical gradient between the extracellular and intracellular CONCENTRATIONS? hint hint

concentration gradient

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What would happen if too much sodium were allowed to accumulate in the cell? In other words, why must the intracellular and extracellular concentrations be kept in “very very narrow ranges”?

“The cell would blow its brains out.” -Dr. Lancaster

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Why is diffusion called a passive process? Because it does not utilize __

ATP

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What are the two types of simple diffusion? They are
1- diffusion directly through the __ bilayer (lipid soluble), and
2- diffusion through __ channels in the cell membrane (water soluble)

phospholipid bilayer

protein channels

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Diffusion moves a substance with or against its gradient?

With, from higher to lower

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What are four substances that can move directly through the cell membrane via simple diffusion because they are lipid soluble? Oxygen, __, nitrogen, and alcohol.

Carbon dioxide

“When you imbibe alcohol, every cell in your body becomes inebriated.” Dr. Lancaster

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Protein channels are selectively permeable by size, __, and electrical charge

shape

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Protein “leak” channels are always open or “leaky”. Two types of “leak” channels are sodium leak channels and __ leak channels.

potassium

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Which are more leaky, sodium or potassium leak channels?

Potassium are more leaky, sodium is hydrated and too big to leak very fast.

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There are two types of gated protein channels, ligand (or chemical) gated and __ gated. Gated channels only allow diffusion when they are opened by the ligand or a __ change

voltage

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If a voltage gated channel opened with just 30 millivolts, would it be a fast sodium channel or a slow potassium channel?

FAST voltage gated SODIUM channel

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If a voltage gated channel opened with 100 millivolts, would it be a fast sodium channel or a slow potassium channel?

SLOW voltage gated POTASSIUM channel

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Facilitated diffusion is also called __ mediated diffusion. What opens the channel? The molecule that wants to cross the cell membrane. But it must attach itself to the binding site on the carrier protein channel and cause a __ change, like two teeter totters working simultaneously.

carrier | conformational

Facilitated diffusion, such as for glucose, has a __ point.

saturation

Is insulin a GLUT (glucose transporter)?

NO, it is not the transporter. | But in some cells insulin can regulate the number and activity of GLUTs.

Some cells do not need insulin to uptake glucose like neurons, __, proximal tubules of kidney, __ intestines, and exercising muscle fibers. Almost all others rely on insulin to regulate their GLUTs.

hepatocytes | small intestines

There are three types of gradients, concentration, __, and pressure. The rate of diffusion is based on the __ effect of ALL of these gradients across a membrane.

electrical | net effect

Are electrical gradients equilibrated by the number of PARTICLES, or the number of CHARGES, on each side of the gradient

charges

Osmosis is the movement of __, from areas of lower to higher concentration of SOLUTES like sodium or proteins. It is FASTER than plain diffusion.

WATER

A mole- Avogadro's number, 6.023 x 10^23. A millimole is 1/___ of a mole

1/1000

An osmole is the number of particles in solution. It is one mole dissolved in one __ of water.

liter or kg, same thing

In the periodic table of the elements, the horizontal rows are called __ and that tells you how many electron shells the atom has. Sodium in period 3 has __ electron shells.

periods | 3

In the periodic table of the elements, the vertical columns are called __ and that tells you how many electrons are in the outermost shell or valence. Sodium is in group 1 and thus has _ electron in it's outermost shell or valence.

groups | 1

How many elecrons can be in the first shell or valence? __. How many can be in each subsequent shell or valence? __

2 | 8

If you added an electrical charge to the following atoms, how would their names change? fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine

fluorIDE, chlorIDE, bromIDE, iodIDE

If you take ONE mole of sodium chloride molecules (NaCl), and drop it in water, the ionic bonds will break leaving you with sodium and chloride. Now how many moles are in the water? Thus if you put ONE mole of NaCl in water, how many OSMOLES did you add?

2 2 a mole of sodium molecule and a mole of chloride molecules = 2 osmoles

Do glucose molecules break apart into their separate components- carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (like NaCl does) in water? In other words, if you added one mole of glucose to a liter of water, how many osmoles did you add to the water?

No they don't break apart, so you only added one osmole to the liter of water. But NaCl does break apart, so adding one mole of NaCl to water would add TWO osmoles to the water.

Osmosis (movement of water) is determined by the number of particles added, NOT the number of moles. So if you added a mole of glucose to one side of container of water, and one mole of NaCl to the other side and separated them by a membrane, which way would water go?

It would go towards the NaCl because NaCl breaks apart in water to one mole Na and one mole Cl = 2 moles of particles, while glucose stays bound = 1 mole of particles.

OsmolaLity is the number of osmoles per __ of water

OsmolaRity is the number of osmoles of something per __ of water.

Liter Liter kinda rhymes with -rita OsmolaRita is a liter of osmoles of margarita

The point at which osmosis stops due to hydrostatic pressure is the __ pressure

osMotic

It is the NUMBER of particles in the solution, NOT the size of the particle, which determines osmolality/osmolarity.

Every particle, regardless of size, makes an equal contribution to osmolality/osmolarity

Water moves from areas of __ osmolality to areas of higher osmolality, or in other words from areas of __ molecules to areas of more particles

Lower to higher | Less to more

Colloid osmotic pressure, AKA onCotic pressure is the contribution of __ to osmolality of body fluids. What is the main protein found primarily in plasma?

Proteins | Albumin

Plasma osm __ interstitial osm __ intracellular osm What is the normal body fluid osmolality?

Plasma osm = interstitial osm = intracellular osm Normal osm about 300 mOsm/L

Active transport uses energy to move something __ its concentration gradient.

Against

Test question- what is a major example of primary active transport?

Sodium potassium ATP-ase pumps

On the sodium potassium pump, how many sodiums move out and how many potassiums move in?

3 sodiums out | 2 potassiums in

Sodium potassium ATPase pumps are also called electrogenic pumps, they help establish the electrical gradient (potential) that makes cells negatively charged.

They also help maintain an appropriate sodium potassium concentrations in and out of cells which in turns keeps osmolality in check and thus maintains the integrity of the cell.

What are some examples of "secondary active CO-transport"? They both want to go the same way.

sodium - glucose (AGAINST ITS CONC. GRADIENT, in the small intestine and renal tubules where lots of glucose must be absorbed very rapidly, insulin independent, TEST QUESTION) sodium - amino acids (also in small intestines) sodium - potassium

What are some examples of "secondary active COUNTER-transport"? They want to go separate ways.

sodium - hydrogen (how the kidney maintains acid/base balance) sodium - calcium

What MUST remain active for secondary active transport to work?

The sodium-potassium ATPase pump

If the sodium potassium ATPase pump became dysfunctional, would the secondary active co-transport of sodium/glucose or the counter-transport of sodium/hydrogen continue working?

NO.

Pinocytosis- AKA cell __ Phagocytosis- AKA cell ___ do either go directly through the cell membrane?

drinking eating, especially bacteria etc. neither go DIRECTLY THROUGH the cell membrane, they both make a vesicle which breaks off either inward or outward.

Why is pinocytosis a form of active transport?

because ATP is used to make the vesicle by contractile proteins

exocytosis- AKA cell __ | exocytosis is all about secretion

pooping

does the membrane potential exist across all cells?

yes

a few thoughts about membrane potentials, always the electrical difference between the barely outside and the barely inside of the cell membrane

the intracellular and extracellular fluids are not charged, they are neutral. It is JUST the cell membrane which is charged.

what contributes to the cell membrane potential? | test question

POTASSIUM LEAK CHANNELS- major sodium leak channels (2nd) sodium-potassium pump (3rd accumulation of negatively charged proteins along the inside of the cell membrane (minor)

all cells have membrane potential, but only some cells can generate an __ potential

action

what causes depolarization after an initial impulse has caused a 30 mV increase in the membrane potential towards the THRESHOLD potential?

voltage gated sodium channels open, sodium rushes into the cell.

what causes repolarization at about +35 mV

voltage gated potassium channels open, potassium rushes out of the cell

what requires a larger stimulus to stimulate an action potential, the relative or the supranormal/vulnerable refractory period?

the relative refractory period

can an action potential be generated during the absolute/effective refractory period?

all of DEPOLARIZATION and part of repolarization are part of the __ refractory period

absolute

a hormone or neurotransmitter would be a __ stimulus, acetylcholine major example

chemical

give me an example of electrical stimulus

cardiac cycle

give me an example of mechanical stimulus

touch, pressure

will a super huge stimulus cause a bigger amplitude of depolarization?

hypERkalemia is associated with __

hypOpolarization, easier to stimulate (until it can't repolarize and is un-stimulable)

hypOkalemia is associated with __

hypERpolarization, harder to stimulate

hypOcalcemia is associated with __ stimulation/ depolarization, also irritability/seizures

easier, easier to open sodium channels as the threshold is moved closer to the resting membrane potential

hypeRcalcemia is associated with __ stimulation/ depolarization, cannot depolarize because the cell membranes are "soothed" or "anesthetized"

harder, harder to open sodium channels as the threshold is moved further from the resting membrane potential

the protein __ determine the response of the target cell

protein kinases

hormone > receptor > activated G proteins > adenylyl cyclase > cAMP > protein kinases

activated G proteins

hormone > receptor > activated G proteins > __ cyclase > cAMP > protein kinases

adenylyl cyclase

hormone > receptor > activated G proteins > adenylyl cyclase > __ > protein kinases

cAMP

hormone > receptor > activated G proteins > adenylyl cyclase > cAMP > __

protein kinases

regarding g protein complexes, in the INactive state, the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits are bound to the receptor. specifically what is bound to the alpha subunit?

GDP

regarding g protein complexes, when ACTIVATED, what replaces GDP on the alpha subunit?

GTP

regarding g protein complexes, the alpha subunit contains a DEphosphorylating enzyme to dephosphorylate GTP to __ and return the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits back to their binding site on the receptor.

GDP

in beta receptors, what inactivates cAMP?

phosphodiesterase