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Yr3Sem2 Applied Physiology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones alter the rates of cellular reactions by altering rates of…? (3)

A
  • protein synthesis
  • enzyme activity
  • cell membrane transport
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2
Q

Action of hormones (3)?

A
  • alter rates of cellular reactions
  • act at a specific cell receptor site where hormone binding can change
  • Ultimately alters cellular functions
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3
Q

Factors that determine hormone levels (3)??

A
  • Secretion rate (not constant, adjust rapidly)
  • [hormone] in blood (depends on; synthesis, release, removal)
  • over time synthesis = release rate
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4
Q

Growth hormone function?

A
  • Promotes muscle growth and hypertrophy by facilitating AA transport
  • Directly stimulates fat metabolism (lipolysis)
  • Levels are elevated during aerobic exercise in proportion to exercise intensity
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5
Q

Growth hormone in acute exercise??

A
  • Increase secretion a few minutes after exercise starts (sharp rise in GH production and secretion)
  • Beneficial for muscle, bone, CT growth and optimisation of metabolic fuel mix
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6
Q

Hormones of the thyroid gland???

A
  • Triiodothyronin (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
  • Calcitonin
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7
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) function???

A
  • Increase protein and enzyme synthesis
  • Increase size and number of mitochondria in cells
  • Promote rapid cellular uptake of glucose
  • Enhance glycolysis and glycogenesis
  • Increase FFA availability for oxidation
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8
Q

Calcitonin function??

A
  • Decreases plasma calcium concentration
  • Acts primarily on bones and kidneys
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9
Q

Exercise increase free thyroxin by about ___%; physiological implications not yet determined

A

35%

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10
Q

With acute exercise, thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone TSH)…?

A

increases during exercise, affect inconsistent

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11
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla (3)

A
  • Catecholamines
  • Adrenaline (epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
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12
Q

Adrenal Medulla hormones are stimulated by…

A

SNS to prepare for immediate action

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13
Q

Adrenal Medulla hormones function…

A
  • Increase rate of heart contraction, BP, respiration
  • Increase metabolic rate, glycogenolysis, release of glucose and FFA to blood
  • Allow more blood through muscles by vasodilation and vasoconstriction in certain vessels.
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14
Q

Effect of exercise on adrenal medulla hormones???

A
  • light/mod exercise = little to no change
  • Increases dramatically with intense exercise
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15
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex (3)?

A
  • Mineralcorticoids
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Gonadocorticoids
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16
Q

Mineralcorticoids function and exercise effect?
- Includes…

A
  • Maintain electrolyte balance in extracellular fluids
  • Includes aldosterone

With acute exercise:
- secretion rises (peaks at x6 resting levels)
- Exercise control of secretion via SNS

17
Q

Glucocorticoids function and exercise effect?
- includes..

A
  • Maintain consistent plasma glucose levels between meals
  • Includes cortisol

Acute exercise:
- cortisol increase
- light/mod exercise negative, positive or no change
- Intense exercise increased cortisol (elevated up to 2 hrs post)

18
Q

Gonadocorticoids function and exercise effects?
- includes…

A
  • Released in addition to those released by reproductive organs but in lesser amounts
  • Include androgens, oestrogens and progrsterones
19
Q

With acute exercise:
Androgens:

A
  • moderate aerobic exercise significantly increases serum and free androgen levels after 15-20 minutes
  • Prolonged strenuous exercise - androgen levels may fall below resting values
  • Mechanism for exercise effects not currently known but definitely not associated with increase LH production
20
Q

Hormones of the Pancreas and function (2)

A

Insulin - secreted when plasma glucose levels are elevated (hyperglycaemia)

Glucagon - secreted when plasma glucose concentrations are below normal (hypoglycaemia)

21
Q

Insulin with acute exercise???

A
  • In exercise as intensity and duration increases circulating glucose decreases and insulin decreases either through decreased secretion OR increased skeletal muscle uptake OR inhibitory effect on pancreas by SNS
  • As progress in long duration exercise insulin output continues to decrease; shift from CHO to FFA mobilisation and metabolism
22
Q

Glucagon with acute exercise???

A
  • Heavy long duration exercise and starvation -> increase in glucagon
23
Q

Prolactin (PRL) function with exercise?

A
  • Increases with higher levels of exercise
  • Hypothesis - repeated exercise induced release of PRL may inhibit ovaries and thus contribute to delay in menarche; increased incidence of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea report amongst athletic females
24
Q

Anti diuretic hormone (ADH) function with exercise?

A
  • Exercise increases ADH secretion -> increased water retention (after severe exercise when dehydration occurs)
  • Sweating stimulates ADH secretion - water conservation and decrease risk of dehydration
25
Q

Power = ???

A

Power = force x distance/time where force = strength and distance/time = speed

26
Q

Results of Resistance Training

A

• Increased muscle size (hypertrophy).
• Alterations of neural control of trained muscle.
• Research show strength gains can be achieved without changes in muscle size, but NOT without neural adaptations.

27
Q

Possible Neural Factors of Strength Gains

A

• Synchronization and recruitment of additional motor units for greater force production
• Counteraction of autogenic inhibition allowing greater force production
• Reduction of coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles
• Changes in the discharge rates of motor units
• Changes in the neuromuscular junction

28
Q

Muscle Hypertrophy 2 types..

A
  • Transient—pumping up of muscle during a single exercise bout due to fluid accumulation from the blood plasma into the interstitial spaces of the muscle.
  • Chronic—increase of muscle size after long-term resistance training due to changes in muscle fiber number (fiber hyperplasia) or muscle fiber size (fiber hypertrophy).
29
Q

Fiber Hypertrophy – Increased Fibre size

A

• The numbers of myofibrils and actin and myosin filaments increase, resulting in more cross-bridges; sarcoplasm and connective tissue increase.
• Muscle protein synthesis increases during the post exercise period.
• Testosterone plays a role in promoting muscle growth.
• Training at higher intensities appears to cause greater fiber hypertrophy than training at lower intensities.

30
Q

Fiber Hyperplasia – increased number of fibres

A

• It has been proposed that muscle fibers can split in half with intense weight training.
• Each half then increases to the size of the parent fiber.
• Satellite cells may also be involved in skeletal muscle fiber generation.
• It has been clearly shown to occur in animal models; only a few studies indirectly suggest this occurs in humans too.

31
Q

Early gains in strength appear to be more influenced by ……?

A

neural factors

32
Q

Is fibre type change possible?

A

• A combination of high intensity resistance training and short-interval speed work can lead to a conversion of ST to FTa fibers.

33
Q

What Determines Fiber Type?

A
  • Genetics determine which type of motor neurons innervate our individual muscle fibres
  • Muscle fibres become specialised according to the type of neuron that stimulates them
  • endurance training, strength training, and muscular inactivity may result in small changes (less than 10%) in the % of FT and ST fibres
  • Endurance training has been shown to reduce % of FT fibres, while increasing fraction of FTa fibres
  • Ageing may result in changes in the % of FT and ST fibres
34
Q

Refractory Period

A
  • Period of repolarisation
  • The muscle fibre is unable to respond to any further stimulation
  • The refractory period limits a motor units firing frequency

Yr3Sem2 Applied Physiology (5 decks)

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