Week 2

Question 1

What are the extracellular compartments

Answer 1

Interstital fluid, blood, lymph

Question 2

Why does water act as a solvent

Answer 2

It is a dipolar molecule, so it makes hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules

Question 3

What are acids and bases

Answer 3

Acids release hydrogen ions (protons), bases accept hydrogen ions

Question 4

When is the buffer at the greatest capacity

Answer 4

When pH is near the pKa

Question 5

What are the byproducts in metabolism

Answer 5

CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid (normal metabolism), lactic acid and ketone bodies (metabolic acid) , Sulfuric acid (inorganic acid)

Question 6

Buffers of the body

Answer 6

Bicarbonate, phosphate and hemoglobin

Question 7

how is CO2 and NH4 removed

Answer 7

CO2 by expiration of CO2 and excrete ammonium through kidneys

Question 8

What is a buffer

Answer 8

Buffer is a solution with an undissociated acid and its conjugate base, conjugate base forms because of the acid lost a proton, this solution resists changes in pH from addition of H and OH

Question 9

What is the weight percentage of body weight in adults and children

Answer 9

50% to 60% for adults, 75% for children

Question 10

Why is the shape of water molecule important

Answer 10

Water consists of two hydrogen atoms that are covalently linked to oxygen, and it forms a bent shape. If it was linear, it would be a nonpolar substance. Bent configuration, dipole forms to make the molecule polar. This forms hydrogen bond.

Question 11

How many bonds can water form and some properties of water

Answer 11

4 bonds and this gives it a high boiling point, melting point, heat of vaporization, and surface tension.

Question 12

How is the water arranged in ice

Answer 12

Each H atom donates a H bond to the O of the neighbouring water molecule and the O atom from neighbouring molecule is the H acceptor , forming a tetrahedral structure.

Question 13

What are the H bond kj/mol in covalent and H bonds between neighbouring molecules

Answer 13

420 kJ/mol for H-O covalent bond. 23 kJ/mol, H2O bonding between molecules

Question 14

How is water molecule arranged with organic molecules

Answer 14

Hydrogen faces the anion, oxygen faces the cation

Question 15

Strength of hydrogen bonds and how long does it last

Answer 15

4 kcal, 10 picosecond, 2.4 nano second in the hydration shell of an ion

Question 16

Electrolytes

Answer 16

Electrolytes is a term given to bicarbonate and inorganic anions and cations

Question 17

What are the different electrolytes in ECF and ICF

Answer 17

ECF has Na and Cl which are found in plasma and interstitial fluid, K and HPO4 which is in ICF

Question 18

Osmolality

Answer 18

is proportional to the total concentration of dissolved molecules, such as ions, organic metabolites and proteins, expressed as mOsm/kg water

Question 19

How does osmolality allow for movement of capillary fluid

Answer 19

In the capillary, the fluid will move from a compartment of low concentration of solutes (lower osmolality) to compartment of high concentration

Question 20

Osmotic pressure

Answer 20

the force it takes to keep equal amounts of water on both sides of the membrane

Question 21

hyperglycemia

Answer 21

Loss of water in blood, causing high concentration of glucose

Question 22

Kd

Answer 22

dissociation constant for water, shows the relationship between H+, OH- and H2O

Question 23

How is the concentration of acid found

Answer 23

Dissociation of acid of hydrogen ion and conjugate base

Question 24

How does Ka affect the acid

Answer 24

Higher Ka means the acid will dissociate the proton easier

Question 25

metabolic rate, pH in blood, intracellular and extracellular

Answer 25

22,000 mEq acid per day. 7.36 - 7.44. 6.9 - 7.4, 6.8 - 7.8

Question 26

What are the major buffer systems in the body

Answer 26

Bicarbonate - carbonate in ECF, hemoglobin buffer system in RBCs, phosphate buffer system in all cells and
protein buffer system in plasma

Question 27

Describe the bicarbonate-carbonate buffer system

Answer 27

CO2 is produced from the TCA cycle, normally about 13 moles is produced. CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid

Question 28

kH

Answer 28

hydration constant of CO2 and water to form carbonic acid

Question 29

How many moles of CO2 is produced for O2 ingested and oxidized

Answer 29

0.7 mol - 1.0 mol

Question 30

What maintains pH of intracellular fluid

Answer 30

Phosphate anions and proteins

Question 31

Bohr effect

Answer 31

Effect of the pH on binding of O2 to hemoglobin