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Lecture Handout 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Synthesize larger molecules from smaller components, bio synthetic pathways and fuel storage

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2
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Break down larger molecules into smaller components, fuel oxidative pathways

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3
Q

How do cells receive information

A

By intercellular signal and transport pathways

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4
Q

How does this happen

A

Hormones are released to specific tissues based on diet

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5
Q

3 primary fuels from diet

A

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

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6
Q

Source of energy for the body

A

Calorie

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7
Q

What molecules store fuel

A

Triacylglycerol for adipose tissue, glycogen (carbohydrate) in muscles and liver. and some protein in muscle

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8
Q

Nutrients

A

Dietary components that can be used by the body

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9
Q

Xenobiotic compounds

A

Compounds with no use that are removed from the body and removed from the body as urine or feces with metabolic waste

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10
Q

How is energy generated in cells, whole process

A

Fuels from our diet are oxidized to CO2 and H2O and energy is released by the transfer of O2. This transfer of electrons releases heat and ATP. ATP then converts back to ADP and inorganic phosphate.

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11
Q

What molecule gives energy to the cell

A

ATP

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12
Q

What are the principal molecules for respiration

A

Glucose for carbohydrates, fats for fatty acids and proteins for amino acids

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13
Q

Explain respiration to generate ATP

A

Fuels are oxidized to acetyl CoA, precursor of TCA cycle. TCA oxidizes the fuels to CO2. This reaction cause electrons to transfer to the O2 in the electron transport chain. This transfer of electrons converts ADP and pi into ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

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14
Q

What is kcal and its conversion to joules

A

kcal is kilocalorie and one kcal is 4.18 kJ

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15
Q

Main carbohydrates and in blood

A

starch, glucose, fructose, sucrose and lactose. starch is poly, sucrose and lactose are di, glucose and fructose are mono. Glucose is mainly found in blood

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16
Q

what is the ratio of kcal to grams for carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and alcohols

A

4 kcal/g, 9kcal/g for fats, ethanol contains 7 kcal/g

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17
Q

Where does the body store energy

A

Fats in the thigh, hips and abdomen, glycogen in the liver and muscles

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18
Q

Why is triacylglycerol a good fuel storage

A

it contains more calories per gam compared to the other substances, it has low water content so it is more reduced. since it has lower water content, the OH groups do not bind as much and increase the weight.

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19
Q

what is used to maintain blood glucose levels between meals

A

Liver glycogen

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20
Q

What is DEE, basal metabolism

A

Daily energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate

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21
Q

Daily energy expenditure:

A

RMR, Physical activity, DIT

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22
Q

Resting metabolic rate

A

Energy needed to maintain life

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23
Q

How is BMR measured and affected

A

kcal/day, it is increased in males, in the cold, in hyperthyroidism, pregnancy and decreases with age.

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24
Q

Why should DIT and TEF be considered

A

Right after eating, our metabolic rate increases as energy required increased to process the food

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25
What is caloric balance
Kilocalories from our food equals our daily energy expenditure, we lose 1 pound of fat for every 3500 calories we dont consume.
26
conditionally essential fuel
Nutrients that the body needs in some circumstances
27
What happens to proteins in the free amino acid pool
They make proteins, form nitrogen containing compounds or oxidize as fuel for energy, in oxidation it is excreted from the body as urea
28
what are the types of minerals
Electrolytes, minerals, trace minerals and ultra trace minerals
29
what are the major electrolyets
Na, K, Cl, maintain water balance, ion gradients for membranes and neutralize charges
30
what are the minerals
Ca, Phosphrous, Mg, Fe, S. Ca and phosphrous is needed for bones and teeth, Mg is needed to activate enzyme and activate ATP. Fe for hemoglobin, S for metabolism
31
What is fed state and what endocrine hormones control it
Fed state is the state of absorption of material. Insulin and glucagon control it.
32
Fate of carbohydrates in fed state
Turned into glucose, used in biosynthetic pathways and stored a glycogen in liver and muscle. Some glucose gets packaged with triacylglycerol into VLDL in adipose tissue
33
Fate of proteins in fed state
Turned into amino acids, these amino acids are converted into proteins, used to make nitrogen containing compounds or oxidized for energy.
34
Fate of fats in fed state
Triacylglycerol are digested as fatty acids and 2 monoacyl glycerols, it is then resynthesizes unto triacylglycerol in the intestine, packaged in chylomicrons and secreted into the blood by the lymph.
35
How are carbohydrates digested
alpha amylase in saliva and pancreas form smaller components to digest, these are then cleaved to glucose by digestive enzymes on intestinal epithelial cells, Sucrase breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose, lactase converts lactose into glucose and galactose.
36
What is the job of digestive enzymes in carbohydrates
Break down complex sugars to single sugars
37
What is the job of of digestive enzymes in proteins
Proteases, Pepsin in stomach, trypsin and other proteases. Aminopeptidases with intestine break down proteins into amino acids, these enzymes break the peptide bonds between amino acids.
38
How is fats digested
Harder to digest as it is not water soluble, it is turned into bile salts which are synthesized in the liver and stored in gallbladder. Pancreatic lipase changes triacylglycerol into fatty acids and 2 monoaylglycerol, these are reabsorbed and resynthesized into triacylglycerol, it is packaged with protiens or other substances to form chylomicrons and secreted in the lymph to the bloodstream, mycels into intestinal epithelial cells. VLDL in liver, chylomicron from intestine
39
What happens when high carbohydrate meal is consumed
insulin is released and causes uptake of glucose to increase
40
How is glucagon and insulin controlled
insulin is released when high carbohydrate meal is consumed to signal tissues that glucose is available to be used or stored. Release of glucagon is dictated by glucose and insulin. Glucagon signals if fuel storages should be depleted to generate glucose.
41
Glucose travels through the hepatic portal vein, what organ does it pass first
Liver and it can react with hepatocytes (liver cell) to form ATP and the excess is turned into glycogen and triacylglycerol.
42
what is the respiration oxidation pathway to form CO2
glucose- pyruvate by glycolysis - acetyl CoA, CO2 with TCA cycle
43
what happens to glucose not metabolized by the liver
It travels to peripheral tissues to be oxidized for energy
44
What vitamin makes CoA
Pantothenate
45
What are ways for the brain to get glucose
Glucose by glycolysis and TCA cycle to form CO2 and H2O
46
How does glucose act as energy for red blood cells
Glucose forms anaerobic glycolysis, where the pyruvate formed from glucose is turned into lactate and released into blood.
47
What are the two types of lipoprotiens that are made in fed state and what is their use
VLDL and chylomicrons, they help with transporting triacylglycerol through blood as they are insoluble in water. Chylomicrons are formed in the intestine, VLDL in from liver. Lipoprotiens break down into fatty acids and glycerol.
48
What happens to chylomicrons and VLDL after the tryacylglycerol is stored
Chylomicrons are cleared by the liver and VLDL is cleared by the liver or made into LDL.
49
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of liver glycogen during fasting
50
Ketone bodies
Product made by the liver which is released into blood during fasting and oxidized by some tissues by TCA cycle
51
gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate compounds, such as lactate and glycerol.
52
What happens when we starve
Body uses fatty acids but not ketone bodies, it increases in blood to allow for brain to oxidize it for energy. Liver gluconeogenesis rate decreases. Muscles also degrade less proteins for gluconeogenesis.
53
What is the product of glycolysis of RBC
Lactate
54
What is the product of lipolysis of adipose triacylglycerol
Glycerol
55
What are the main ketone bodies
acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate
56
What happens during prolonged fasts
The liver starts to synthesize less amounts of serum proteins. Albumin and transferrin are used to measure protein malnutrition. Albunim decreases with hepatic diseases and transferrin decreases in iron deficiency
57
healthy person proportions
85% fat and 15% protein
58
Essential fatty acids needed for the body
Alpha linolenic, and alpha linolenic acid
59
Fat soluble vitamins are affected by this condition
Cystic fibrosis
60
What is nitrogen balance
Nitrogen that is with uptake and loss of nitrogen
61
What is nitrogen balance, positive and negative balance
Nitrogen that is with uptake and loss of nitrogen
62
What is creatinine
It is increased, there is kidney failure
63
What is the marker of protein malnutrition
Albunim

Biochemistry (6 decks)

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