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Biochemistry > Lecture Handout 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Handout 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Synthesize larger molecules from smaller components, bio synthetic pathways and fuel storage

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2
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Break down larger molecules into smaller components, fuel oxidative pathways

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3
Q

How do cells receive information

A

By intercellular signal and transport pathways

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4
Q

How does this happen

A

Hormones are released to specific tissues based on diet

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5
Q

3 primary fuels from diet

A

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

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6
Q

Source of energy for the body

A

Calorie

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7
Q

What molecules store fuel

A

Triacylglycerol for adipose tissue, glycogen (carbohydrate) in muscles and liver. and some protein in muscle

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8
Q

Nutrients

A

Dietary components that can be used by the body

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9
Q

Xenobiotic compounds

A

Compounds with no use that are removed from the body and removed from the body as urine or feces with metabolic waste

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10
Q

How is energy generated in cells, whole process

A

Fuels from our diet are oxidized to CO2 and H2O and energy is released by the transfer of O2. This transfer of electrons releases heat and ATP. ATP then converts back to ADP and inorganic phosphate.

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11
Q

What molecule gives energy to the cell

A

ATP

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12
Q

What are the principal molecules for respiration

A

Glucose for carbohydrates, fats for fatty acids and proteins for amino acids

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13
Q

Explain respiration to generate ATP

A

Fuels are oxidized to acetyl CoA, precursor of TCA cycle. TCA oxidizes the fuels to CO2. This reaction cause electrons to transfer to the O2 in the electron transport chain. This transfer of electrons converts ADP and pi into ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

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14
Q

What is kcal and its conversion to joules

A

kcal is kilocalorie and one kcal is 4.18 kJ

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15
Q

Main carbohydrates and in blood

A

starch, glucose, fructose, sucrose and lactose. starch is poly, sucrose and lactose are di, glucose and fructose are mono. Glucose is mainly found in blood

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16
Q

what is the ratio of kcal to grams for carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and alcohols

A

4 kcal/g, 9kcal/g for fats, ethanol contains 7 kcal/g

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17
Q

Where does the body store energy

A

Fats in the thigh, hips and abdomen, glycogen in the liver and muscles

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18
Q

Why is triacylglycerol a good fuel storage

A

it contains more calories per gam compared to the other substances, it has low water content so it is more reduced. since it has lower water content, the OH groups do not bind as much and increase the weight.

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19
Q

what is used to maintain blood glucose levels between meals

A

Liver glycogen

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20
Q

What is DEE, basal metabolism

A

Daily energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate

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21
Q

Daily energy expenditure:

A

RMR, Physical activity, DIT

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22
Q

Resting metabolic rate

A

Energy needed to maintain life

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23
Q

How is BMR measured and affected

A

kcal/day, it is increased in males, in the cold, in hyperthyroidism, pregnancy and decreases with age.

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24
Q

Why should DIT and TEF be considered

A

Right after eating, our metabolic rate increases as energy required increased to process the food

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25
Q

What is caloric balance

A

Kilocalories from our food equals our daily energy expenditure, we lose 1 pound of fat for every 3500 calories we dont consume.

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26
Q

conditionally essential fuel

A

Nutrients that the body needs in some circumstances

27
Q

What happens to proteins in the free amino acid pool

A

They make proteins, form nitrogen containing compounds or oxidize as fuel for energy, in oxidation it is excreted from the body as urea

28
Q

what are the types of minerals

A

Electrolytes, minerals, trace minerals and ultra trace minerals

29
Q

what are the major electrolyets

A

Na, K, Cl, maintain water balance, ion gradients for membranes and neutralize charges

30
Q

what are the minerals

A

Ca, Phosphrous, Mg, Fe, S. Ca and phosphrous is needed for bones and teeth, Mg is needed to activate enzyme and activate ATP. Fe for hemoglobin, S for metabolism

31
Q

What is fed state and what endocrine hormones control it

A

Fed state is the state of absorption of material. Insulin and glucagon control it.

32
Q

Fate of carbohydrates in fed state

A

Turned into glucose, used in biosynthetic pathways and stored a glycogen in liver and muscle. Some glucose gets packaged with triacylglycerol into VLDL in adipose tissue

33
Q

Fate of proteins in fed state

A

Turned into amino acids, these amino acids are converted into proteins, used to make nitrogen containing compounds or oxidized for energy.

34
Q

Fate of fats in fed state

A

Triacylglycerol are digested as fatty acids and 2 monoacyl glycerols, it is then resynthesizes unto triacylglycerol in the intestine, packaged in chylomicrons and secreted into the blood by the lymph.

35
Q

How are carbohydrates digested

A

alpha amylase in saliva and pancreas form smaller components to digest, these are then cleaved to glucose by digestive enzymes on intestinal epithelial cells, Sucrase breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose, lactase converts lactose into glucose and galactose.

36
Q

What is the job of digestive enzymes in carbohydrates

A

Break down complex sugars to single sugars

37
Q

What is the job of of digestive enzymes in proteins

A

Proteases, Pepsin in stomach, trypsin and other proteases. Aminopeptidases with intestine break down proteins into amino acids, these enzymes break the peptide bonds between amino acids.

38
Q

How is fats digested

A

Harder to digest as it is not water soluble, it is turned into bile salts which are synthesized in the liver and stored in gallbladder. Pancreatic lipase changes triacylglycerol into fatty acids and 2 monoaylglycerol, these are reabsorbed and resynthesized into triacylglycerol, it is packaged with protiens or other substances to form chylomicrons and secreted in the lymph to the bloodstream, mycels into intestinal epithelial cells. VLDL in liver, chylomicron from intestine

39
Q

What happens when high carbohydrate meal is consumed

A

insulin is released and causes uptake of glucose to increase

40
Q

How is glucagon and insulin controlled

A

insulin is released when high carbohydrate meal is consumed to signal tissues that glucose is available to be used or stored. Release of glucagon is dictated by glucose and insulin. Glucagon signals if fuel storages should be depleted to generate glucose.

41
Q

Glucose travels through the hepatic portal vein, what organ does it pass first

A

Liver and it can react with hepatocytes (liver cell) to form ATP and the excess is turned into glycogen and triacylglycerol.

42
Q

what is the respiration oxidation pathway to form CO2

A

glucose- pyruvate by glycolysis - acetyl CoA, CO2 with TCA cycle

43
Q

what happens to glucose not metabolized by the liver

A

It travels to peripheral tissues to be oxidized for energy

44
Q

What vitamin makes CoA

A

Pantothenate

45
Q

What are ways for the brain to get glucose

A

Glucose by glycolysis and TCA cycle to form CO2 and H2O

46
Q

How does glucose act as energy for red blood cells

A

Glucose forms anaerobic glycolysis, where the pyruvate formed from glucose is turned into lactate and released into blood.

47
Q

What are the two types of lipoprotiens that are made in fed state and what is their use

A

VLDL and chylomicrons, they help with transporting triacylglycerol through blood as they are insoluble in water. Chylomicrons are formed in the intestine, VLDL in from liver. Lipoprotiens break down into fatty acids and glycerol.

48
Q

What happens to chylomicrons and VLDL after the tryacylglycerol is stored

A

Chylomicrons are cleared by the liver and VLDL is cleared by the liver or made into LDL.

49
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of liver glycogen during fasting

50
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Product made by the liver which is released into blood during fasting and oxidized by some tissues by TCA cycle

51
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate compounds, such as lactate and glycerol.

52
Q

What happens when we starve

A

Body uses fatty acids but not ketone bodies, it increases in blood to allow for brain to oxidize it for energy. Liver gluconeogenesis rate decreases. Muscles also degrade less proteins for gluconeogenesis.

53
Q

What is the product of glycolysis of RBC

A

Lactate

54
Q

What is the product of lipolysis of adipose triacylglycerol

A

Glycerol

55
Q

What are the main ketone bodies

A

acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate

56
Q

What happens during prolonged fasts

A

The liver starts to synthesize less amounts of serum proteins. Albumin and transferrin are used to measure protein malnutrition. Albunim decreases with hepatic diseases and transferrin decreases in iron deficiency

57
Q

healthy person proportions

A

85% fat and 15% protein

58
Q

Essential fatty acids needed for the body

A

Alpha linolenic, and alpha linolenic acid

59
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are affected by this condition

A

Cystic fibrosis

60
Q

What is nitrogen balance

A

Nitrogen that is with uptake and loss of nitrogen

61
Q

What is nitrogen balance, positive and negative balance

A

Nitrogen that is with uptake and loss of nitrogen

62
Q

What is creatinine

A

It is increased, there is kidney failure

63
Q

What is the marker of protein malnutrition

A

Albunim

Biochemistry (6 decks)

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