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BIM203 Blood Banking > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A molecular structure, associated with a cell membrane, that may illicit an immune response.
• Found on viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, blood cells, organs and tissues.

A

Antigen

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2
Q

Glycoprotein that recognises a particular

epitope on an antigen and facilitates clearance of that antigen.

A

Antibody (Immunoglobulin):

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3
Q

What genes at three separate loci control the occurrence and location of ABO antigens on
cells and in secretions?

A

H gene, ABO genes, Se (Secretor) gene

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4
Q

A gene that has no detectable product or phenotypic effect is called a _________

A

Amorph

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5
Q

List the alleles for each of the following genes

H gene, ABO genes, Se (Secretor) gene

A
  • H and h alleles (h is an amorph)
  • A, B and O alleles (O is an amorph)
  • Se and se alleles (se is an amorph)
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6
Q

H antigens are an indirect product are the foundation for which antigens?

A

Foundation for A and B antigens

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7
Q

A common structure for A,B and H antigens is an ________________ chain

A

oligosaccharide

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8
Q

H allele codes for a transferase enzyme that adds a sugar (fucose) to the terminal sugar of the oligosaccharide chain which makes a ____________

A

H antigen

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9
Q

“A” gene codes for a transferase enzyme

that adds ______________ to the terminal sugar of H antigen.

A

N-acetylgalactosamine

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10
Q

“B” gene codes for a transferase enzyme that adds__________ to the terminal sugar of the H antigen

A

D-galactose

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11
Q

Which alleles are co-dominant and which is silent

A

A and B alleles are co-dominant , O allele is silent

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12
Q

Soluble antigens (A, B, and H) can be found in the secretions of some individuals. • This is controlled by the ________ genes

A

H and Se

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13
Q

Which genotypes are secretors and which genotypes are non secretors?

A

SeSe and Sese are secretors - 80% of the population.

sese are non secretors. se is an amorph nothing is expressed.

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14
Q

ABO subgroups differ in amount of …..

A

antigen present on the RBC membrane

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15
Q

What are the two major subgroups of A

A

A1 and A2
• A1 - ~80% of group A or AB individuals
• A2 - ~20% are A2 or A2B

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16
Q

What’s the difference between A1 and A2 Antigens? (2)

A

Quantitative difference

Difference in carbohydrate composition

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17
Q

Can A2 develop anti-A1 antibodies?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Why is the A2 phenotype important?

A

A2 and A2B individuals may produce an anti-A1 causing an incompatibility crossmatch

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19
Q

What is the Bombay phenotype?

A

(Oh) it’s an Inheritance of hh the h gene is an amorph With no H Ag’s, cannot make A or B Antigens

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20
Q

Does the Bombay serum have strong anti-A, anti-B and anti-H?

A

Yes

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21
Q

The Bombay RBC’s appear to be what blood type? and what agglutinates with the serum?

A

Appears to be O and it agglutinates ALL ABO blood groups even O.

22
Q

What ABO groups could you transfuse Bombay phenotype blood to?

A

Can transfuse Bombay phenotype to anyone

23
Q

What ABO blood group could you transfuse to patient with Bombay group?

A

Individuals with Bombay phenotype can only receive blood from a Bombay phenotype.

24
Q

Only blood group system where antibodies are present in individuals with no known exposure to blood or blood products

A

ABO blood group system

25
Transfusion of incompatible group may result in __________
immediate lysis of donor RBC
26
Can newborns passively acquire maternal antibodies?
Yes. IgG can cross the placenta
27
The Anti-B produced by group A individuals and the Anti-A produced by group B individuals is predominantly _______
IgM
28
The Anti-A, Anti-B and Anti-A,B produced by group O individuals is predominantly________
IgG (with some IgM)
29
Which blood groups contain anti-A in their serum
Group O and B
30
Anti-A can be separated into what 2 different components?
Anti-A and Anti-A1
31
``` Anti - A1 Clinically Significant? Abs Class? Thermal range? HDNB? Extravascular or Intravascular Transfusion reaction? ```
Clinically Significant? - Sometimes Abs Class? IgM Thermal range? 4 - 22 HDNB? No because IgM cannot pass the placenta Extravascular or Intravascular Transfusion reaction? - Rarely intravascular
32
Anti-AB is found in serum of which blood group?
Group O individuals
33
``` Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-AB Clinically Significant? Abs class Thermal range HDNB Transfusion reaction? ```
``` Clinically Significant? - Yes Abs class - IgM, IgG Thermal range - 4-37 HDNB - Yes Transfusion reaction? Yes both Extravascular and Intravascular ```
34
Rh is the most complex system with over 50 Rh antigens described. What are the 5 principal antigens?
– D, C, c, E, e
35
Rh antigens are _________
proteins
36
What is the current inheritance theory:
2 loci on the short arm of Chromosome 1
37
What are the 2 naming systems developed before advances in molecular genetics
* Fisher-Race | * Wiener
38
What are the additional systems developed so universal language available for use with computers
* Rosenfield | * ISBT
39
Fisher-Race terminology looks like ______ | Wiener terminology looks like ________
Fisher - CDE, cde | Wiener - r', R1
40
When there is no Rh antigens present on the RBC membrane what can be seen on a blood film and why?
Stomatocytosis because Rh antigens are integral part of RBC membrane, absence leads to loss of membrane integrity. mild hemolytic anaemia
41
What test do Rh antibodies agglutinate in?
IAT
42
``` Rh antibodies: Clinically Significant? Abs class Thermal range HDNB Transfusion reaction? ```
``` Clinically Significant? Yes Abs class - IgG Thermal range - 4-37 HDNB - Yes Transfusion reaction? Only Extravascular not Intravascular ```
43
After ABO, the Rh system is the second most important system, why?
D antigen is extremely immunogenic. If D neg patients are exposed to D antigen they will most likely make Anti-D antibody.
44
Will individuals produce antibodies to ABO antigens they do not possess or that they do possess?
Do not posses
45
For a Forward group – tile or slide what do you need to add?
Anti-serum: Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-D + the patients red cells
46
For the Reverse Group what do you add?
Patient plasma + commercial red cells A1, B
47
Most ABO discrepancies are ______ in nature and can be resolved by doing what 3 things?
Technical 1. Correctly repeating the test 2. Carefully checking reagents 3. Careful reading and recording of results
48
Give 2 examples of ABO discrepancies that are antibody related.
* New born infants, elderly patients * Patients with lymphoma. * Patients using immunosuppressive drugs e.g BM transplant * Patients with immunodeficiency disease
49
Give 2 examples of ABO discrepancies - Antigen related
Can be seen in patients with leukaemia and Hodgkin’s disease and some bacterial infections
50
What are some ABO discrepancies - Serum related
Elevated levels of globulin lead to rouleaux formation • Multiple myeloma • Hodgkin’s lymphoma (to resolve wash patients red cells in saline)
51
List some steps as a scientist that you would do to resolve a ABO discrepancies
- check patient diagnosis and transfusion history - check for technical errors - have a second scientist repeat the test - incubate patients serum for 15min at room temp
52
When D antigen is weakly expressed, detection requires what test?
``` indirect antiglobulin testing (IAT) • Incubate cells with Anti-D antisera • Wash • Perform antiglobulin test to detect presence of Ig bound to cells • Cannot be done if cells at DAT +ve ```

BIM203 Blood Banking (7 decks)

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