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biology > Week 16 > Flashcards

Week 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Lentic

A

standing water

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2
Q

Phase II

A

after the fall and before God recreates the heavens and the earth

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3
Q

littoral zone

A

the shallowest part of a lake where rooted plants can be found

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4
Q

the life in the littoral zone

A
  • rooted plants
  • shallow vertebrates
  • shallow invertabrates
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5
Q

phytoplankton

A

microscopic organisms that drift with the currents and that can photosynthesize.

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6
Q

limnetic zone

A

open waters of a lake beyond the littoral zone.

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7
Q

why are phytoplankton in the limnetic zone

A

for solar radiation for photosynthesis

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8
Q

DO

A

dissolved oxygen that can be found in the limnetic zone that wouldn’t be found in deeper waters.

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9
Q

only 40% photons reach 1 meter deep in which zone?

A

limnetic zone

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10
Q

which colors are lost first in water

A

red, then blues, then greens

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11
Q

Kemmerer sampling devise

A

an open tube with caps at both ends that. A weight is attached and it is lowered to sample deep sees

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12
Q

profundal zone

A

deeper zone where dead creatures from the limnetic zone sink here, fueling decomposers

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13
Q

decomposers

A

organisms, like bacteria and fungi, that obtain energy from the breakdown of dead organic matter.

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14
Q

marine snow

A

dead sea creatures

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15
Q

the decomposition of dead life forms releases

A

nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, and plant nutrients to the profundal zone

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16
Q

overturn

A

in the fall and the spring, the entire lakes water can be turned over by winds. Nutrients trapped in the bottom of the lake are now propelled to the top of the lake. This causes a phytoplankton bloom

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17
Q

water is densest at

A

4 C and less dense 0 C

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18
Q

Ecology

A

the interactions between organisms and their environment

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19
Q

nonliving

A

abiotic

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20
Q

how do organisms survive the winter in the lake?

A

floating ice protects some organisms deeper in the water (as well as some organisms can afford for their tissue to freeze)

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21
Q

if water was densest at 0 C

A

then ice would sink and the whole lake would freeze from the bottom up, causing all the organisms in the lake to die

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22
Q

where can you find the Peaks of Otter Salamander

A

hardwood forests at elevations higher than 425 meters

Blue Ridge Mountains in Central Virginia

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23
Q

Peaks of Otter Salamander’s latin name:

A

Plethodon Hubrichti

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24
Q

density

A

numbers per square meter

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25
Q

what elements go into population ecology

A

climate & terrain

elevations

temperature

changes in number over time (annually, biannually) & season

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26
Q

community ecology

A

study of interacting species in a particular

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27
Q

ecosystem

A

the community and abiotic components in a particular area.

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28
Q

habitat

A

a place where an organism lives

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29
Q

we search for the salamanders on days that are cool and moist because

A

on hot dry ays the salamanders leave the soil surface (which will kill them if its hotter than 33 C)

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30
Q

niche

A

the functional role of a species in a community.

(the niche is multidimensional and incorporates all of the abiotic and biotic factors that affect a species’ survival, growth, and reproduction)

31
Q

examples of salamander Niche

A

what does it consume

what consumes it

does it compete with other species

how much energy does it store in terms of biomass

32
Q

Ecologist Sam McNaughton estimates

A

1 million wildebeest and 600,000 Thomson’s gazelles migrate circularly through the serengeti-Mara (kenya, Tanzania)

33
Q

Plant biomass is

A

(g/m^2)

34
Q

How did Dr. McNaughton estimate wildebeest and gazelle population

A

he compared biomass of plants of places with (a) and without wildebeest (b)

it took 4 days for the gazelles to pass through the testing grounds, (a) has been reduced 85%

one month later, (a) increased and (b) decreased in biomass

35
Q

senescence

A

cells being unable to divide, causing deterioration with age. Animals can prevent this by eating grass and fertilizing with they shit

36
Q

what would it be called if the relationship between grass and wildebeest only benefitted the wildebeest?

A

herbivory relationship

37
Q

do the gazelles profit from the wildebeest?

A

yes, the wildebeest’s contribution to the grass causes the grass to grow for the gazelles

38
Q

do the grass profit from the gazelles?

A

no, its is a herbivory relationship

39
Q

do the wildebeest profit from the gazelles?

A

no, they have no way to profit as they graze first

40
Q

commensalism

A

when one species benefits off the other and one species is unaffected

41
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between individuals of different species where both species are adversely affected

(both are negatively affected population wise)

42
Q

subcategories of one specie benefiting and one being negatively affected

A

herbivory, predation, parasitism, parasitoidism

43
Q

herbivory

A

animal benefiting off of consuming or other wise harming a plant

44
Q

predation

A

an organism that kills its prey.

45
Q

parasitism

A

an organism that lives in or on another organism (called the host) from which it derives a benefit.

46
Q

parasitoidism

A

an insect whose larvae consumes all or part of its host.

and insect parasitizes another insect typically resulting in the host’s death; and disease, where the pathogen can cause an illness in the host

47
Q

19 parasites and 6 viruses infect

A

Lions

48
Q

in 1994, the canine distemper virus reduced

A

3000 lions by 30%,

49
Q

predator Didinium nasutum

A

prey was Paramecium caudatum

50
Q

in a flask full of predator and prey protozoans

A

both specie increased and then went extinct

51
Q

adding in hiding spots for the prey species in the flask

A

made predatory populations decrease after all the prey hid

52
Q

the way Gause solved the prey and predator relationship in the flask was by

A

adding immigrant protozoa to his populations

53
Q

ballooning

A

catching wind currents with a silk thread and using it to travel

54
Q

who was able to create an automatic version of what Gause had to do manually?

A

Huffaker

55
Q

whales can catch prey by

A

bubble netting, a group of whales swarm a group of prey and backing them up towards the surface of the water and swallowing the water with the prey

56
Q

snakes can detect

A

infrared radiation, which is sensed as heat

57
Q

aposematic coloration

A

a warning coloration.

red-spotted newt or Red eft

58
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

where a palatable species resembles an unpalatable species.

59
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

where two or more unpalatable species resemble each other.

60
Q

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is

A

a soil bacterium that produces a toxin that can kill certain insects ingesting it.

(used by humans to control insect populations)

61
Q

The Cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, has been used in

A

biological control of the Prickly Pear cactus that became uncontrollable in australia.

62
Q

endosymbionts

A

an organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism.

63
Q

many corals have dinoflagellate protozoans, called zooxanthellae:

A

these live in corals cells and can photosynthesize. This gives the coral energy for the ammonia they receive in return

64
Q

mutualisms

A

an interaction between species where both benefit.

65
Q

Pseudomyrmex ants and bullhorn acacia trees

A

a pregnant queen will occupy a tree and profits from shelter and nectar.

the ants occupying the tree keep herbivorous animals from eating the tree away. ants also destroy competing plants

66
Q

Honeyguide bird and humans

A

honeyguide birds would guide people to bee colonies.

Once the people have collected the honey from the bees, the birds take the honeycomb as the bees are gone

67
Q

without mutualism,

A

90% of flowers and 33% of the plants in the US diet would be gone

the coral reefs and all the animals that benefit from them would not exist

orchids and cacti would be gone

(many herbivores require microorganisms to help digest food) and without herbivores, carnivores would be no more

68
Q

plethodon gluinosis (purple) & plethodon jordani (green)

A

live in the great smoky mountains and balkan mountains.

purple lives at lower elevations, but they have an overlap

69
Q

Hairston’s experiment

A

in Hairston’s 1st plot, he subtracted some purples

in his 2nd, he subtracted greens

in his control, he kept both

the control kept the same ration while the two others had disproportionate populations

70
Q

producers

A

plants that’ll get energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil

71
Q

primary consumers

A

specie (herbivores) that directly consume energy from producers

72
Q

secondary consumers

A

specie (carnivores & omnivores) that consume primary consumers

73
Q

tertiary consumers

A

specie (carnivores & omnivores) that not only consume primary consumers but also secondary consumers

74
Q

decomposers

A

all living things eventually die and fall to be taken by bacteria and fungi, which convert to nutrients for the soil

biology (9 decks)

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