Week 15 - Adolescence, Emerging Adulthood, and Aging

Question 1

What are crowds?

Answer 1

Adolescent peer groups characterized by shared reputations or images.

Question 2

What is deviant peer contagion?

Answer 2

The spread of problem behaviours within groups of adolescents.

Question 3

What is differential susceptibility?

Answer 3

Genetic factors that make individuals more or less responsive to environmental experiences.

Question 4

What is foreclosure?

Answer 4

Individuals commit to an identity without exploration of options.

Question 5

What is homophily?

Answer 5

Adolescents associating with peers who are similar to themselves.

Question 6

What is identity acheivement?

Answer 6

Individuals that have explored different options and then made commitments.

Question 7

What is identity diffusion?

Answer 7

Adolescents that neither explore not commit to any roles or ideologies.

Question 8

What is moratorium?

Answer 8

A state in which adolescents are actively exploring options but have not yet made identity commitments.

Question 9

What is psychological control?

Answer 9

Parent’s manipulation of and intrusion into adolescent’s emotional and cognitive world through invalidating adolescents feelings and pressuring them to think in particular ways.

Question 10

What is collectivism?

Answer 10

Belief system that emphasizes the duties and obligations that each person has toward others.

Question 11

What is emerging adulthood?

Answer 11

A new life stage extending from approximately ages 18 to 25, during which the foundation of an adult life is gradually constructed in love and work. Primary features include identity explorations, instability, focus on self-development, feeling incompletely adult, and a broad sense of possibilities.

Question 12

What is individualism?

Answer 12

Belief system that exalts freedom, independence, and individual choice as high values.

Question 13

What are industrialized countries?

Answer 13

The economically advanced countries of the world, in which most of the world’s wealth is concentrated.

Question 14

What are non-industrialized countries?

Answer 14

The less economically advanced countries that comprise the majority of the world’s population. Most are currently developing at a rapid rate.

Question 15

What are OECD countries?

Answer 15

Members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, comprised of the world’s wealthiest countries.

Question 16

What is tertiary education?

Answer 16

Education or training beyond secondary school, usually taking place in a college, university, or vocational training program.

Question 17

What is age identity?

Answer 17

How old or young people feel compared to their chronological age, after early adulthood, most people feel younger than their chronological age.

Question 18

What is autobiographical narratives?

Answer 18

A qualitative research method used to understand characteristics and life themes that an individual considers to uniquely distinguish him or herself from others.

Question 19

What is the average life expectancy?

Answer 19

The mean number of years that 50% of people in a specific birth cohort are expected to survive. This is typically calculated from birth but is also sometimes re-calculated for people who have already reached a particular age.

Question 20

What is a cohort?

Answer 20

A group of people typically born in the same year or historical period, who share common experiences over time; sometimes called a generation.

Question 21

What is the Convoy Model of Social Relations?

Answer 21

Theory that proposes that the frequency, types, and reciprocity of social exchanges change with age. These social exchanges impact the health and well-being of the givers and receivers in the convoy.

Question 22

What are cross-sectional studies?

Answer 22

Research methods that provide information about age group differences; age differences are confounded with cohort differences and effects related to history and time of study.

Question 23

What is crystallized intelligence?

Answer 23

A type of intellectual ability that relies on the application of knowledge, experience, and learned information.

Question 24

What is fluid intelligence?

Answer 24

A type of intelligence that relies on the ability to use information processing resources to reason logically and solve novel problems.

Question 25

What is the global subjective well-being?

Answer 25

Individual’s perceptions of and satisfaction with their lives as a whole.

Question 26

What is the hedonic well being?

Answer 26

A component of well-being that refers to emotional experiences, often including measures of positive and negative affect.

Question 27

What is heterogeneity?

Answer 27

Inter-individual and subgroup differences in level and rage of change over time.

Question 28

What is inhibitory functioning?

Answer 28

Ability to focus on a subset of information whole suppressing attention to less relevant information.

Question 29

What is intra- and inter-individual differences?

Answer 29

Different patterns of development observed within an individual (intra-) or between individuals (inter-).

Question 30

What is are life course theories?

Answer 30

Theories of development that highlights the effects of social expectations of age-related life events and social roles; additionally considers the lifelong cumulative effects of membership in specific cohorts and sociocultural subgroups and exposure to historical events.

Question 31

What are longitudinal studies?

Answer 31

Research methods that collect information from individuals over a long period of time, to be able to track cohort differences in age-related change to determine cumulative effects of different life experiences.

Question 32

What is processing speed?

Answer 32

The time it takes individuals to perform cognitive operations.

Question 33

What is the psychometric approach?

Answer 33

Approach to studying intelligence that examines performance on tests of intellectual functioning.

Question 34

What is recall?

Answer 34

Type of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned information without the help of external cues.

Question 35

What is recognition?

Answer 35

Type of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned information with the assistance of cues.

Question 36

What are self-perceptions of aging?

Answer 36

Individual’s perception of their own aging process; positive perceptions of aging have been shown to be associated with greater longevity and health.

Question 37

What is the social network?

Answer 37

Network of people with whom an individual is closely connected, providing emotional, informational, and material support and offer opportunities for social engagement.

Question 38

What is the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory?

Answer 38

Theory proposed to explain the reduction of social partners in older adulthood; posits that older adults focus on meeting emotional over informational gathering goals and adaptively select social partners who meet this need.

Question 39

What is subjective age?

Answer 39

A multidimensional construct that indicates how old a person feels and into which age group a person categorizes him or himself.

Question 40

What is sucessful aging?

Answer 40

Includes three components; avoiding disease, maintaining high levels of cognitive and physical functioning, and having an actively engaged lifestyle.

Question 41

What is working memory?

Answer 41

Memory system that allows for information to be simultaneously stored and utilized or manipulated.