week 15 Flashcards
Molecule
a number of atoms joined together with covalent bonds
Hydrocarbon
a compound of hydrogen and carbon only
Homologous series
a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but each successive member differing by CH2
Functional group
an atom or group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
Saturated
containing C-C single bonds only
Unsaturated
containing at least one C=C double bond
Alkyl group
side chain of formula CnH2n+1
Aliphatic
a compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
Alicyclic
an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
Aromatic
a compound containing a benzene ring
Empirical formula
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound
molecular formula
the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
Structural isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but with a different structural formulae
Stereoisomers
compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in space
E/Z isomerism
an example of stereoisomerism, which requires restricted rotation about a C=C double bond and for two different groups to be attached to each carbon of the C=C group
Cis-trans isomerism
a special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the two substituent groups are the same
o- bond
direct overlap of orbitals
Pi- bond
sideways overlap of p orbitals
Curly arrow
the movement of an electron pair, showing either the breaking of formation of a covalent bond
Radical
a species with an unpaired electron
Homolytic fission
the breaking of a covalent bond where each of the bonded atoms keeps one of the shared pairs of electrons
Heterolytic fission
the breaking of a covalent bond where each of the bonded atoms keeps one of the shared pair of bonding electrons
Electrophile
electron pair accepter
Nucleophile
electron pair donor
Volatile
turns easily into a gas
Volatility
the ease with which a liquid turns into a gas
Reflux
the continuous boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture
Distillation
separation of a liquid mixture into fractions with different boiling points. The most volatile components are removed first
Catalyst
increases rate of reaction; remails unchanged at end of reaction
Percentage yield
actual moles of desired product/theoretical moles of desired product X100
Atom economy
molecular mass of desired product / theoretical moles of desired product X100
Substitution reaction
a reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
Condensation reaction
a reaction in which two or more small molecules react together to form a larger molecule with the formation of another small molecule such as water
Hydrolysis
the breaking of a bond by its reaction with water or a hydroxide ion
Biofuel
a fuel that is derived from recently living material such as plants or from the waste of animals
