week 14 Flashcards
pasteurization
heating, , so that # of viable microbes will be low
- preserves flavor
mashing
activates enzymes to make malt -> mixed with water to hydrolyze starch to usable carbs
- used for beers and ales
wine
done thru the fermentation process: treated w/ sulfur dioxide fumigant to kill microbes, specific microbes added (Saccharomyces cerevisiae or S. ellipsoideus) , fermenting, aging
—— ex: champagne- in bottle and CO2 is made -> bubbles produced
fermented milk products rely on what bacteria?
lactic acid bacteria
—–ex: - buttermilk and sour cream (meso:
20-30C)
- yogurt (therm: 45C)
other fermented foods
breads
sufu
sauerkraut
pickles (Lactobacillus plantarum)
silage (Lactobacillus buchneri)
how do microbes fuel cells w/ energy?
by capturing e- from ETC to make electricity
- anode to cathode
- microbes fed organic substartes
antibiotics are most produced by?
streptomyces
- used in native state
——- ex: penicillin- needs more precise control of nutrient intake to get max results
primary vs secondary metabolites
- primary- exponential growth, involves aa, nucleotides, enzymes
- secondary- when nutrients are limited or waste products, involves antibiotics
biofuels
- ethanol: added to gas, made from corn starch yeast degradation, has less E
- hydrogen: cannot be added w/ gas, anaerobic process, 3X more/ unit weight than gas
what are Ti plasmids used for?
they are used as a vector to add recombinant DNA in plant chromosomes
what microbes can be served as vehicles for drug delivery?
diatoms
- they are chemically inert and large surface area
what bacteria is are the cellulose sneakers made from?
Komagataeibacter rhaeticus
biosensors: riboswitches
- fluorescence is used to monitor fluoride levels in water supplies
- gfp gene is only transcribed when fluoride binds to the riboswitch
who generated the 1st recombinant DNA molecules?
Jackson, Symons, and Berg
3 steps of PCR
- denature dsDNA at 94C
- anneal primers
- synthesize new DNA at 72C
repeats many times
what DNAP lives in and stays stable in extreme high temp?
Taq DNAP
CRISPR/Cas9
- direct modification of genomic DNA in any cell
directed evolution tech (ways to add mutagens to existing media)
- genome-based strain reconstructing
- metabolic pathway engineering
- assembly of designed oligonuc.
- error prone PCR
- DNA or whole genome shuffling
Synthetic biology is a field that creates new devices and system with what is alr found in nature. Whats an ideal genome that was designed by scratch?
Mycoplasma genitalium
5 steps of water purification
- settling: large materials out
- coagulation: clumping out
- add Al or other chemicals
- sedimentation: coagulated settle at bottom
- filtration: sand (cysts) and charcoal (dissolved chem)
- disinfection and storage: add Cl, ozone, UV radiation or other disinfectants
colilert defined substrate test
- water sample added to ONPG/MUG media for nutrients -> if coliform turns yellow or fluorescent then CONTAMINATED
how to handle sludge ? (wastewater treatment, aerobic secondary)
- primary: remove solid material physically (sludge)
- aerobic secondary: activated sludge -> CO2 + biomass, trickling filter
—–septic tank: aerobic digester - anaerobic digestion: input of untreated sludge and removal of final sludge produces methane
- tertiary treatment: removes N and P, heavy metals, and remaining microbes
how to deal with an oil spill in the ocean?
- spray a detergent to break down the oil and create more surface area
- then add N and P to increase the growth of the microbe that will be able to eat the oil
Plastics
- abundant organic polymer contaminant
- heat weakens polymer structure
—– ex: polyethylene: has a mix of degradable and undegradable regions (crystalline regions)- thats why when it “melts” it looks like swiss cheese bc of the undegradable crystalline regions
what microbe degrades PET (polyethylene terephthalate)?
Ideonella sakensis
what microbe is a flesh- eating bacteria?
Vibrio vulnificus
- 8X cases reported
