week 12 Flashcards
sporadic
occurs occasionally or at irregular intervals in human population
— ex: flu
endemic
maintains a steady, low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval
—–ex: STD
outbreak
sudden, unexpected occurrence of disease
epidemic
outbreak affecting many people at once
pandemic
increase in disease occurrence within a large population over at least 2 countries around the world
federal department that oversees disease ?
CDC
international department that oversees disease ?
WHO
infectious disease
infection by a microbial disease
infection
the ability of a microbe to cause a disease
communicable disease
transmitted person to person
2 branches of communicable disease
common source and propogated
common source epidemic
single source, noncommunicable
—– ex: food poisoning
propagated
1 infected person propagates the disease to others
nosocomial infections/ HAI
HAIs are mostly caused by noninvasive bacteria
- many hospital strains are antibiotic resistant
—– ex: UTI, surgical site infections, bloodstream infections, pneumonia
prevalence rate
total # of individuals infected at any one time
- (total # of individual cases/ total population) x 100
morbidity rate
reflects the change
- new cases/ total population
mortality rate
deaths bc of the disease/ total population with that disease
basic reproduction # (R0)
ability of the disease to spread
- the higher the #, the higher the ability to spread
effective reproduction rate (Re)
reproduction rate with the vaccine in the population
- so # of people who could infected bc they might not have the vaccine
herd immunity
threshold % of population that has immunity/ is vaccinated
- so if this is high, then the cases that reemerge shouldn’t result in an escalation of the disease
2 steps of preventing and controlling epidemics
- reduce source
- reduce susceptible individuals and increase herd immunity (thru vaccines)
5 reasons of how the covid vaccine was developed so fast
- existing COVID and mRNA research
- overlapping steps
- quick and large trials
- logistical setup in place for production
- the review was expedited
2 situations of bioterrorism
- salmonella, salad bars, Dallas, 1984
- anthrax, thru USPS, 5 eastern states, 2001
BSL 1
- hand washing, PPE
—– ex: nonpathogenic strains of E. coli
BSL 2
- autoclave machine, vent hoods, drawing AWAY aerosoles from microbes
- dangers: if ingested, enters skin, or mucous membrane exposure
—— ex: Staph
BSL 3
- showers, HEPA filter, decontamination system OPTIONAL, but BSL 1 and 2 stuff REQUIRED
- dangers: exotic/indigenous agents could be lethal
——ex: mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
BSL 4
- airtight suit w/ O2, HEPA filter, military personnel
- dangers: threatening, high risk,
——ex: ebola, coronavirus,
ribotyping
- identify bacterial genera
- w/ 16S rRNA sequence
immunological techniques
- detection of antibodies or antigens
- sensitive and specific
agglutination rxn
- immune complex formed by cross-linking cells w/ antibodies
- used to look for the presence and what type of something
serotyping
- a specific variant of a species of b or v
- help trace source of foodborne illness outbreak
complementation fixation
- determine of the antibodies to an antigen is present in patients serum
- highly sensitive, measure small amount of antibodies
ELISA
- commonly used serological test
- detect protein antigens/antibodies in patient
- not the pathogen itself tho
lateral flow assay
- put patients sample to a filter paper and the antigens will now got to the paper’s antibodies
- this flows and if antigen not present: control line visible
