week 13 - political culture + globalization Flashcards
1
Q
political culture
A
a set of attitude, beliefs and norms that shape political processes and govern political behavior in a society.
2
Q
Two approaches of the origins of political culture
A
Primordialist
Constructivist
3
Q
primordialist
A
- culture is “fixed”; comes from bloodlines, language, race, and religion
- culture affects political processes and behavior, and
the relationship is not reciprocal.
4
Q
constructivist
A
- culture is invented.
- cultures are malleable and may change in response to social, economic, and political situations.
5
Q
fundamental dimensions of political culture
A
Ideology
Religion
Value orientations
6
Q
types of political ideology
A
- Liberal political culture
- Fascist Political Culture
- Socialist Political Culture
7
Q
liberal political culture
A
- Individuals are thought of as more important than groups.
- Democracy is usually revered.
- Free market capitalism is generally seen as the best economic system.
- strong debates remain about the role of the state vs the market and the state’s role in social matters.
8
Q
fascist political culture
A
- the state is seen as most important.
- individual rights are unimportant.
- democracy is out of the question; an authoritarian ‘protector’ is preferred.
- nationalism is strong.
9
Q
socialist political culture
A
- individual rights provided by liberalism are thought of as meaningless (as liberalism’s associated capitalist economic system prevents people from reaching fulfillment because they are exploited by the wealthy).
- society must be governed by the working classes, who should seize the means of production via revolution.
10
Q
religion
A
- Some countries have established religions, which are granted official status and state support
- Some countries are religious states, in which the state religion is a dominant part of official politics.
- Some countries are officially secular, and religion is to be excluded from public life.
- The degree of religion in society can shape political culture, as well as the type of religion.
11
Q
difference between a religious state an a secularized state
A
In religious societies, religion is part of public life and shapes politics.
In secularized societies, religious worship takes place in private, if at all.
12
Q
value orientations
A
- Vertical Axis: Traditional vs. Secular-Rational
- Horizontal Axis: Survival vs. Self-Expression
13
Q
vertical axis
A
- Traditional: emphasize the importance of religion, parent-child ties, and deference to authority.
- Secular-Rational: less emphasis on religion, traditional family values and authority.
14
Q
horizontal axis
A
- Self-expression: environmental protection, tolerance of minority groups, gender equality, high demands for participation in political decision-making and people are trusting of others.
- Survival: economic and physical security, linked with an ethnocentric outlook and low levels of trust and social tolerance.
15
Q
a possibility of the variation in outcomes of the ultimatum game
A
in societies where cooperation does not feature in daily life, offers in the ultimatum game tended to be lower and vice versa
16
Q
reasons for rejections of offers the ultimatum game
A
- In some societies, even very low offers were almost never rejected. In others, high offers were often rejected
- among the Au and Gnau, low and high offers were equally likely to be rejected: aversion to free money.
17
Q
outlier of political culture in the ultimatum game
A
offer amounts and rejection rates are sometimes similar in countries we think of as culturally distinct.
18
Q
political culture falling short
A
Countries similar in ethnicity, religion, and language – different in politics and development.
19
Q
globalization
A
the processes through which the world becomes a single society.
20
Q
economic key aspect of globalization
A
trade of goods and services among countries.
21
Q
human/social key aspect of globalization
A
the movement of people around the world- immigration and emmigration
22
Q
the united nations (1945)
A
- key forum for globalization
- aims to influence global affairs by issuing resolutions.
- Includes nearly every state in the world
- encompasses several suborganizations such as UNICEF and WHO
23
Q
veto and the UN Security Council
A
- Any member of the UN Security Council (5 countries) can veto a resolution from the UN
- the five countries that were successful after WWII
- can enforce resolutions with economic sanctions or international military action (though rare)
24
Q
trend of economic globalization
A
increase of globalization/trade since the 1970s.
25
what do key International Financial Institutions do
help countries cooperate economically and trade freely
26
key International Financial Institutions
- the world bank
- the IMF
- the WTO
27
the world bank
- makes loans to countries for development projects
- there are strings attached (recipients must follow free market principles).
- also provides grants.
28
the IMF
- they stabilize exchange rates to help coordinate the reconstruction of the world monetary system.
- the IMF makes loans to member countries only.
- To be a member, a country must follow free market principles.
29
the WTO
- a meeting place for the discussion of export and import taxes among 164 member countries.
- It has no legal power.
- goal is to remove tariffs and barriers to trade
30
criticism of conditionalities (free-market principles) of International Financial Institutions
- the conditionalities are attached without regard for borrower countries’ individual circumstances
- the recommendations by the World Bank and IMF sometimes fail to resolve economic problems within borrower countries.
- these institutions are tools that the U.S. and allies use to impose their preferred economic policies on the rest of the world.
31
the group of 7 (G7)
- consists of seven major democratic economies.
- leaders meet annually coordinate on economic and financial matters, and noneconomic issues.
- used to be the “G8,” but Russia was expelled
32
criticisms of the G7
- the group is seen as a tool of rich countries to impose their agenda on the rest of the world.
- the group has become unrepresentative of the world’s most powerful economies (China and India).
33
the group of 20 (G20)
- consists of 19 countries, the European Union, and the African Union.
- to coordinate on economic and financial matters.
- was conceived by the G7, and it contains all of the G7 countries.
- contains large economies not represented in the G7
34
benefits of immigration
- immigrants enter the labor force and increase the productive capacity of the economy (boosts GDP).
- immigrants’ incomes rise, and so do those of natives
- high-skilled immigration spurs innovation and entrepreneurship
- immigrants often send remittances back to their home countries, which serve as a valuable source of income.
35
drawbacks of immigration
- lowers the wages of workers in direct competition with the immigrants, which can fuel animosity.
- brain drain can be a problem (though remittances can help).
- the countries invest in education and skills, only to see their most talented citizens leave
36
what is animosity heightened by
nativism
37
nativism
the belief that established groups of residents should be protected, especially when immigrants are racially or ethnically different
38
globalization might erode:
monopoly on violence, territoriality, sovereignty, people
39
globalization eroding the monopoly on violence
- some states cannot alone make a decision to use force, even domestically
- mercenaries (e.g., Wagner Group)
- dependence on foreign powers for weaponry
- international organizations may prevent states from abusing their monopoly.
40
globalization eroding territoriality
- if borders open up, the lines demarcating a particular nation-state will blur.
- members of the EU don’t fully control their own borders
41
globalization eroding sovereignty
- Most members of the EU give up power over their currency.
- Members of the IMF give up some power over macroeconomic policy.
- Members of free trade agreements give up power over trade policy.
42
globalization eroding national identity
- Immigration can blur national identity, as languages, food, traditions, and customs often change.
- iconic cultural products are often sold to foreign investors.
- other iconic products are actually imports.
43
where can immigration blur national identity the most
in integrationist receiver countries than in assimilationist countries
44
benefits of sealed borders
Less terrorism.
Natives would never need to compete with foreigners for jobs.
Societies would be more homogenous—and therefore more harmonious
45
benefits of removing borders
- Borders are a human construct.
- We allow goods to flow across borders in the pursuit of economic growth
- the world would benefit if people could live and work where they could use their skills most efficiently
- Millions of refugee lives would be saved
