week 13 - political culture + globalization

Question 1

political culture

Answer 1

a set of attitude, beliefs and norms that shape political processes and govern political behavior in a society.

Question 2

Two approaches of the origins of political culture

Answer 2

Primordialist
Constructivist

Question 3

primordialist

Answer 3

• culture is “fixed”; comes from bloodlines, language, race, and religion
• culture affects political processes and behavior, and
  the relationship is not reciprocal.

Question 4

constructivist

Answer 4

• culture is invented.
• cultures are malleable and may change in response to social, economic, and political situations.

Question 5

fundamental dimensions of political culture

Answer 5

Ideology
Religion
Value orientations

Question 6

types of political ideology

Answer 6

• Liberal political culture
• Fascist Political Culture
• Socialist Political Culture

Question 7

liberal political culture

Answer 7

• Individuals are thought of as more important than groups.
• Democracy is usually revered.
• Free market capitalism is generally seen as the best economic system.
• strong debates remain about the role of the state vs the market and the state’s role in social matters.

Question 8

fascist political culture

Answer 8

• the state is seen as most important.
• individual rights are unimportant.
• democracy is out of the question; an authoritarian ‘protector’ is preferred.
• nationalism is strong.

Question 9

socialist political culture

Answer 9

• individual rights provided by liberalism are thought of as meaningless (as liberalism’s associated capitalist economic system prevents people from reaching fulfillment because they are exploited by the wealthy).
• society must be governed by the working classes, who should seize the means of production via revolution.

Question 10

religion

Answer 10

• Some countries have established religions, which are granted official status and state support
• Some countries are religious states, in which the state religion is a dominant part of official politics.
• Some countries are officially secular, and religion is to be excluded from public life.
• The degree of religion in society can shape political culture, as well as the type of religion.

Question 11

difference between a religious state an a secularized state

Answer 11

In religious societies, religion is part of public life and shapes politics.
In secularized societies, religious worship takes place in private, if at all.

Question 12

value orientations

Answer 12

• Vertical Axis: Traditional vs. Secular-Rational
• Horizontal Axis: Survival vs. Self-Expression

Question 13

vertical axis

Answer 13

• Traditional: emphasize the importance of religion, parent-child ties, and deference to authority.
• Secular-Rational: less emphasis on religion, traditional family values and authority.

Question 14

horizontal axis

Answer 14

• Self-expression: environmental protection, tolerance of minority groups, gender equality, high demands for participation in political decision-making and people are trusting of others.
• Survival: economic and physical security, linked with an ethnocentric outlook and low levels of trust and social tolerance.

Question 15

a possibility of the variation in outcomes of the ultimatum game

Answer 15

in societies where cooperation does not feature in daily life, offers in the ultimatum game tended to be lower and vice versa

Question 16

reasons for rejections of offers the ultimatum game

Answer 16

• In some societies, even very low offers were almost never rejected. In others, high offers were often rejected
• among the Au and Gnau, low and high offers were equally likely to be rejected: aversion to free money.

Question 17

outlier of political culture in the ultimatum game

Answer 17

offer amounts and rejection rates are sometimes similar in countries we think of as culturally distinct.

Question 18

political culture falling short

Answer 18

Countries similar in ethnicity, religion, and language – different in politics and development.

Question 19

globalization

Answer 19

the processes through which the world becomes a single society.

Question 20

economic key aspect of globalization

Answer 20

trade of goods and services among countries.

Question 21

human/social key aspect of globalization

Answer 21

the movement of people around the world- immigration and emmigration

Question 22

the united nations (1945)

Answer 22

• key forum for globalization
• aims to influence global affairs by issuing resolutions.
• Includes nearly every state in the world
• encompasses several suborganizations such as UNICEF and WHO

Question 23

veto and the UN Security Council

Answer 23

• Any member of the UN Security Council (5 countries) can veto a resolution from the UN
• the five countries that were successful after WWII
• can enforce resolutions with economic sanctions or international military action (though rare)

Question 24

trend of economic globalization

Answer 24

increase of globalization/trade since the 1970s.

Question 25

what do key International Financial Institutions do

Answer 25

help countries cooperate economically and trade freely

Question 26

key International Financial Institutions

Answer 26

• the world bank
• the IMF
• the WTO

Question 27

the world bank

Answer 27

• makes loans to countries for development projects
• there are strings attached (recipients must follow free market principles).
• also provides grants.

Question 28

the IMF

Answer 28

• they stabilize exchange rates to help coordinate the reconstruction of the world monetary system.
• the IMF makes loans to member countries only.
• To be a member, a country must follow free market principles.

Question 29

the WTO

Answer 29

• a meeting place for the discussion of export and import taxes among 164 member countries.
• It has no legal power.
• goal is to remove tariffs and barriers to trade

Question 30

criticism of conditionalities (free-market principles) of International Financial Institutions

Answer 30

• the conditionalities are attached without regard for borrower countries’ individual circumstances
• the recommendations by the World Bank and IMF sometimes fail to resolve economic problems within borrower countries.
• these institutions are tools that the U.S. and allies use to impose their preferred economic policies on the rest of the world.

Question 31

the group of 7 (G7)

Answer 31

• consists of seven major democratic economies.
• leaders meet annually coordinate on economic and financial matters, and noneconomic issues.
• used to be the “G8,” but Russia was expelled

Question 32

criticisms of the G7

Answer 32

• the group is seen as a tool of rich countries to impose their agenda on the rest of the world.
• the group has become unrepresentative of the world’s most powerful economies (China and India).

Question 33

the group of 20 (G20)

Answer 33

• consists of 19 countries, the European Union, and the African Union.
• to coordinate on economic and financial matters.
• was conceived by the G7, and it contains all of the G7 countries.
• contains large economies not represented in the G7

Question 34

benefits of immigration

Answer 34

• immigrants enter the labor force and increase the productive capacity of the economy (boosts GDP).
• immigrants’ incomes rise, and so do those of natives
• high-skilled immigration spurs innovation and entrepreneurship
• immigrants often send remittances back to their home countries, which serve as a valuable source of income.

Question 35

drawbacks of immigration

Answer 35

• lowers the wages of workers in direct competition with the immigrants, which can fuel animosity.
• brain drain can be a problem (though remittances can help).
• the countries invest in education and skills, only to see their most talented citizens leave

Question 36

what is animosity heightened by

Answer 36

nativism

Question 37

nativism

Answer 37

the belief that established groups of residents should be protected, especially when immigrants are racially or ethnically different

Question 38

globalization might erode:

Answer 38

monopoly on violence, territoriality, sovereignty, people

Question 39

globalization eroding the monopoly on violence

Answer 39

• some states cannot alone make a decision to use force, even domestically
• mercenaries (e.g., Wagner Group)
• dependence on foreign powers for weaponry
• international organizations may prevent states from abusing their monopoly.

Question 40

globalization eroding territoriality

Answer 40

• if borders open up, the lines demarcating a particular nation-state will blur.
• members of the EU don’t fully control their own borders

Question 41

globalization eroding sovereignty

Answer 41

• Most members of the EU give up power over their currency.
• Members of the IMF give up some power over macroeconomic policy.
• Members of free trade agreements give up power over trade policy.

Question 42

globalization eroding national identity

Answer 42

• Immigration can blur national identity, as languages, food, traditions, and customs often change.
• iconic cultural products are often sold to foreign investors.
• other iconic products are actually imports.

Question 43

where can immigration blur national identity the most

Answer 43

in integrationist receiver countries than in assimilationist countries

Question 44

benefits of sealed borders

Answer 44

Less terrorism.

Natives would never need to compete with foreigners for jobs.

Societies would be more homogenous—and therefore more harmonious

Question 45

benefits of removing borders

Answer 45

• Borders are a human construct.
• We allow goods to flow across borders in the pursuit of economic growth
• the world would benefit if people could live and work where they could use their skills most efficiently
• Millions of refugee lives would be saved