Week 13 - Neuro-Endocrine System

Question 1

Neuroendocrine system  (2)
Nervous system uses
Endocrine system releases

Answer 1

• Uses neurotransmitters

- Releases hormones

Question 2

Endocrine glands release

Answer 2

Release hormones directly into the blood

Question 3

Hormone purpose

Answer 3

Alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone can bind

Question 4

Hormone definition

Answer 4

Chemical messengers from endocrine glands that travel in the blood placing them in direct contact with all cells.
-Can travel in the blood to their specific target organs

Question 5

Receptor are ____ to hormones

Answer 5

specific

Question 6

Each cell has ____ to _____ specific receptors

Answer 6

2000, 10,000

Question 7

The ____ plasma hormone concentration determines the magnitude of the effect at the _____ level

Answer 7

free

tissue

Question 8

Blood hormone concentration determined by rate of: (2)

Answer 8

• Secretion of hormone from endocrine gland

- Metabolism or excretion of hormone (at the receptor and by the liver and kidneys)

Question 9

Blood hormone concentration determined by quality of____ _____(____ _____)

Answer 9

Transport protein (steroid hormone)

Question 10

Blood hormone concentration determined by changes in ____ ____

Answer 10

plasma volume

Question 11

Hormones affect only tissue with ____ _____

Answer 11

Specific receptors

Question 12

Magnitude of Hormone-Receptor interaction depends on: (3)

Answer 12

• concentration of the hormone
• number of receptors on the cell
• affinity of the receptor for the hormone

Question 13

Downregulation

Answer 13

Decrease in receptor number; in response to high concentration of hormone

Question 14

Upregulation

Answer 14

Increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormones

Question 15

Mechanisms of hormone action (3)

Answer 15

• Altering membrane transport (insulin)
• Stimulate DNA to increase protein synthesis (steroid hormone)
• Activating second messengers via G-protein (cyclic AMP)

Question 16

Steroid Hormone characteristics (4)

Answer 16

• Lipid soluble
• Diffuses easily through cell membranes; receptor located within cell
• Chemical structure is derived from or is similar to cholesterol
• Secreted by adrenal cortex (e.g. cortisol), ovaries (e.g. oestrogen), testes (e.g. testosterone)

Question 17

Non steroid hormone characteristics (3)

Answer 17

• Nonlipid soluble
• Cannot easily diffuse through cell membranes; receptors located on cell membranes
• Two types: amino acid derivatives (e.g. epinephrine) and protein or peptide hormones (e.g. insulin)

Question 18

Anterior Pituitary gland hormones (3)

Answer 18

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

Question 19

Posterior pituitary gland

Answer 19

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 20

Growth hormone Purpose

Answer 20

Stimulate release of insulin-like growth factors

Question 21

Growth hormone essential growth of ____tissues
e.g.___ ___ uptake and _____ synthesis.
____ bone growth

Answer 21

All
amino acid, protein
Long

Question 22

Growth hormone reduces the use of ____.
Increases________
Mobilizes____ ____ from _____ tissue

Answer 22

plasma glucose
gluconeogenesis
fatty acids from adipose tissue

Question 23

Anti Diuretic hormone stimulated by

Answer 23

High plasma osmolality and low plasma volume (due to sweat loss without water replacement)

Question 24

Anti diuretic hormone reduces

Answer 24

water loss from the body to maintain plasma volume (favours reabsorption of water from the kidney)

Question 25

Thyroid gland hormones (2)

Answer 25

Triiodothyonine (T3) | Thyroxine (T4)

Question 26

T3 and T4 purpose (2)

Answer 26

maintenace of metabolic rate | allowing the full effect of other hormones

Question 27

Adrenal Medulla hormones Name of Hormones receptor Effects depend on

Answer 27

Epinephrine, noepinephrine bind to adrenergic receptors (alpha, beta) Hormone used and receptor type

Question 28

Adrenal cortex hormones | purpose of hormone (2)

Answer 28

Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) controls Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion regulation of blood volume and blood pressure

Question 29

Aldosterone stimulated by (2)

Answer 29

increased K+ concentration | decreased plasma volume

Question 30

Adrenal gland hormone | purpose (4)

Answer 30

Cortisol (glucocorticoid) - Promotes protein breakdown for gluconeogenesis and tissue repair - Stimulates FFA mobilization, glucose synthesis - Blocks uptake of glucose into cells (promotes use of FFA's as fuel)

Question 31

Cortisol stimulated by (2)

Answer 31

Stress, via ACTH | Exercise

Question 32

Hormones of the pancreas (2)

Answer 32

Insulin from beta cells | Glucagon from alpha cells

Question 33

Insulin purpose

Answer 33

promotes the storage of glucose, amino acids and fats

Question 34

Glucagon purpose

Answer 34

promotes the mobilization of fatty acids and glucose

Question 35

Testes

Answer 35

Testosterone (anabolic steroid) tissue building performance enhancement

Question 36

Ovaries produce____ | Function

Answer 36

Estrogen - establish and maintain reproductive function - levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle

Question 37

Blood glucose maintenance controlled by_____

Answer 37

hormones (corisol, growth hormone)

Question 38

Plasma glucose maintained through 4 processes:

Answer 38

- Mobilization of glucose from liver glycogen stores, FFA from adipose tissue - Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol - Blocking the entry of glucose into cells

Question 39

Master gland also known as____ ____ | Its purpose

Answer 39

pituitary gland | regulates activity of endocrine glands