Week 13. Gastro-intestinal Tract Flashcards
The parotid glands produce?
A serous, watery,amylase rich saliva
The sublingual glands produce
More viscous mucin-rich saliva
The submandibular glands produce?
Mixed saliva
The protein content of saliva is
2-6 g/l
The pH of saliva
Fresh: pH6.6-6.9, later CO2 evaporated, the pH become alkalic, leads to precipitation of CaCO3 on teeth
Material of Investigation of saliva amylase
- Saliva + starch solution
- Take 2 ml from 1. Boiled it 40 degree water bath
- 3ml taken by time and iodine and Fehling’s test performed
The principal of the Fehling’s reaction
Under alkaline conditions: the aldehyde group of carbs. Reduce copper2 to copper1, Red precipitation. And aldehyde group is oxidized to carboxy group
Preparation of Fehling’s reaction
Fehling’s-1reagent(copper2 sulphate solution), Fehling’s-2 reagent (solution of Na-K tartarate in NaOH)
Procedure of Fehling’s test
1:1 reagent 1 and 2->deep blue solution then mix with sample
Alpha amylase is ptyalin hydrolyzing starch to
amylodextrin, erythrodextrin, maltodextrin, and finally maltose
Overall digestion is
(C6H10O5)n+n(H2O)=n(C6H12O6)
Erythrodextrin reaction with iodine
Gives red color but negative to Fehling’s test
Maltodextrin
Iodine test: negative
Fehling’s test: positive
Maltose
Iodine: negative
Fehling’s test: positive strong
Boiled sample
Iodine:positive
Basal gastric secretion (BAO=basal-acid-output)
The amount of acid secreted by the stomach in 1 hr in the morning without stimulation
Maximal gastric acid secretion (MAO=maximal-acid-output)
Highest rate of gastric acid secretion by stimulation (gastrin, histamine,histamine like substance)
Peak acid output PAO
Sum of 2 highest 15 min fractions of maximal acid secretion.always lower than MAO
Material of determination of BAO, MAO,PAO
- Titration: 10 ml burette fixed to a stand
- 1 mol/l NaOH solution
- Phenol red indicator color change yellow(acid) to violet(base) in pH 6.8-8.4
- Normacid, hipoacid, hyper acid HCl solution
Procedure of determination of BAO,MAO,PAO
- Gastric probe with fasting, remove and measure the gastric acid produced at night normal:10-15
- After 1 hr collection 10ml of it is titrated with 0.1 mol/l NaOH+ phenol red indicator till the color to violet
- After 1 hr , the pentagastrin administered to patient. Collect for each 15 min for 1 hr do the 2. Again
Evaluation of the BAO results
BAO mmol/hr: amount of H+ produced in stomach without stimulator
Normal: 4 mmol/hr
Evaluation of the MAO results
MAO mmol/hr: amount of H+ produced in stomach with stimulator(pentagastrin)
Normal: 16-20 mmol/ h
Evaluation of the PAO results
PAO=the highest secretion amount that is sum of 2 highest (15 min) fractions of MAO
Normal: 10-12mmol/ 30 min
Coculation of BAO MAO
N(HCl) =(V NaOH*V fraction)/100
Hyperchorhydria
Indicative peptic ulcer, zollinger- Ellison syndrome
Hypocholrhydria
Hypochtomic anemia, pernicious anemia, atropic gastritis, gastric carcinoma
Matt’s tube method
Investigation of the protein digestion function of pepsin
3 test tube
1. Only 2 ml pepsin solution + egg whites
2. Only 2 ml n/10 hydrochloric acid + egg whites
3. 1:1 mixture of pepsin and1/10n hydrochloric acid+ egg whites
Only 3rd can observe the protein decomposition
Bile types
A-bile mixture of duodenal juice and fluid coming from the liver and bile ducts
B-bile:gallbladder bile, dark, more viscous
C-bile: hepatic bile golden yellow
Rosenbach’s test
Determination of bile pigment
Filter paper with sample and put HNO3
HNO3 oxidise bilirubin to biliverdin(green),bilicyanine(blue),biliprasin (violet red), choletelin (yellow)
Feces
Consistency
pH: liquid,(pH 5.6-7.3) solid(pH6.0-8.4)
Color
Odor
Stool test:
Benzidine test
Immunological fecal occult blood test(FOBT)
Benzidine test
-pseudo peroxidase activity of hemoglobin (H2O2+benzidine->H2O+oxidized benzidine derivative)
Immunological fecal occult blood test(FOBT) like Covid test
