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N430 Community Health Nursing > Week 13: Environmental Health: Pandemic & Emergency Preparedness > Flashcards

Week 13: Environmental Health: Pandemic & Emergency Preparedness Flashcards

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1
Q

True or false: Ecological determinants of health are nurses’ responsibility.

A

True!
-climate change is a health emergency
-all health professionals are uniquely positioned to be effective climate-health champions
-mentorship, communication, and replication of wins allow us to scale up efforts at pace.

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2
Q

What are examples of climate pressures in climate change?

A

-increasing temperatures
-more extreme weather
-rising sea levels
-extremes of precipitations

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3
Q

What are examples of exposure pathways in climate change?

A

-extreme heat and heatwaves
-air pollution
-water contamination
-change in vector ecology
-increasing allergens
-food supply and quality
-population displacement

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4
Q

What are examples of health outcomes from climate change?

A

-heat stress and heat stroke
-respiratory disease
-cardiovascular disease
-gastrointestinal illness
-vector-borne disease (Lyme, West Nile, Zika)
-Mental health illness/worsening, mental health
-adverse birth outcomes
-physical trauma and death

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5
Q

What are examples of climate-related risks?

A

-Increases in:
i. Mean temperature in most land and ocean regions
ii. Hot extremes in most inhabited regions
iii. Ocean temperature and ocean acidity, and decreased ocean oxygen levels
-Heavy precipitation in several regions
-Probability of drought and precipitation deficits in some regions
-Impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems
i. Species loss and extinction
-Sea Level will continue to rise – magnitude and rate depend on future emission pathways

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6
Q

What are the ecological determinants of health?

A

-Natural goods and services essential for life on our planet.
-Air, water, food (soil), energy
-Indigenous Traditional Knowledge and Wisdom
i. Land-based knowledge about ecosystems
ii. Threatened due to displacement caused by climate change

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7
Q

What population is particularly at risk in Canada for environmental health inequities?

A

-Children
-Older adults
-Socially isolated
-First Nations
-Metis
-Inuit communities

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8
Q

What is the impact of climate change on human health?

A

a) severe weather = injuries, fatalities, mental health impacts

b) air pollution = asthma, cardiovascular disease

c) changes in vector ecology = malaria, dengue, encephalitis, hantavirus, Rift Valley fever, Lyme disease, chikungunya, West Nile virus

d) Increasing allergens = respiratory allergies, asthma

e) Water quality impacts = cholera, cryptosporidiosis

f) Water and food supply impacts = malnutrition, diarrheal disease

g) Environmental degradation = forced migration, civil conflict, mental health impacts

h) Extreme heat = heat-related illness and death, cardiovascular failure

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9
Q

What are the lesser-considered effects of climate change on human health?

A

-Unfavourable effects on eclampsia, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and cataract – temperature extremes influenced health outcomes (Poursafa et al, 2015)
-Heat exposure increases the delivery risk (Barreca & Schaller, 2020)
-Climate change and sugarcane expansion increase the Hantavirus infection risk
-The direct impact of climate change on regional labour productivity
-Global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition and climate change

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10
Q

True or false: 76% of new melanoma cases are attributed to UV radiation.

A

True!
-33% increase in keratinocyte cancer cases in 2007 from ultraviolet radiation

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11
Q

What generates particulate matter (PM 2.5)?

A

Wildfire smoke

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12
Q

What accounts for 15% of all lung cancer deaths?

A

Air pollution

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13
Q

What protects us from colorectal and breast cancer?

A

healthy diets

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14
Q

True or false: CO2 can increase nutritional content in grain crops

A

False!
-CO2 REDUCES nutritional content in grain crops

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15
Q

What affects fish supply?

A

ocean acidification

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16
Q

What increases bladder cancer risk?

A

bromide concentration

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17
Q

What is used to fight a wildfire in ground water?

A

benzene

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18
Q

What are examples of health system effects?

A

-Extreme weather can destroy healthcare infrastructure
i. Power shortages
ii. Supply chains
iii. Transportation
iv. Communication
-Screening and early detection may be delayed or disrupted
-Power disruption – may be due to wildfire – disrupt cancer care
-Disruption to clinical trials – poorer tx and survival outcomes
-The increased temperature can affect the function and reliability of some screening immunological tests.

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19
Q

What are the most severe risks on a global scale over the next 10 years?

A
  1. Climate action failure
  2. Extreme weather
  3. Biodiversity loss
  4. Social cohesion erosion
  5. Livelihood crises
  6. Infectious diseases
  7. Human environmental damage
  8. Natural resources crises
  9. Debt crises
  10. Geoeconomic confrontation
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20
Q

What are the challenges of climate change?

A

-In Canada, the average temperature has increased by 1.6C over the past 66 years
-Ecotoxicity – we have created toxic organic chemicals with no natural detoxifying mechanism
-Resource depletion – water, land, soil, forests, energy, minerals, fish, other wildlife
-Species extinction – 1000 to 10,000 x higher than natural
-Oceans in trouble - acidification

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21
Q

What should nurses do in relation CNA Code of ethics to eliminate social inequities?

A

-Nurses should endeavour as much as possible, individually and collectively, to advocate for and work toward eliminating social inequities by:
(VI.) Supporting environmental preservation and restoration and advocating for initiatives that reduce environmentally harmful practices in order to promote health and well-being.
(XI.) Maintaining awareness of broader global health concerns such as violations of human rights, war, world hunger, gender inequities and environmental pollution. Nurses work individually and with others to bring about social change.

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22
Q

What does the CNA suggest when advocating for policies?

A

accessible and effective public transport systems, infrastructure for bicycle lanes and pedestrian zones, income tax incentives for “green” choices and adoption of environmental and social justice frameworks for sustainable development and urban planning

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23
Q

What is Canada’s climate action plan?

A

​​a) Climate plans and targets – emission reduction, healthy environment & healthy economy, framework on clean growth…
b) Clean electricity regulations - Phase out coal-powered electricity in Canada by 2030. Net zero electricity grid by 2035
c) Net-zero emissions by 2050
d) Adaptation – protecting and improving human health – making infrastructure, natural areas, and the economy climate resilient.
e) Oil and gas emissions cap, clean fuel regulations
f) Carbon pollution pricing
g) Reducing methane emissions

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24
Q

What are the 6 targets of Climate Action?

A

(Target 1): Carbon Pricing
“the world’s top priority must be to get finance flowing and get prices right on all aspects of energy costs to support low-carbon growth.”
(Target 2): End Fossil Fuel Subsidies
(Target 3): Healthy energy production:
Eliminate coal. Minimize fossil fuels. Maximize renewables.
(Target 4): Climate-friendly agriculture
Local. Sustainable. Drought resistant.
(Target 5): Healthy urban planning
Walkable, energy-efficient
(Target 6): Protect Fresh Water

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25
Q

True or false: “the world’s top priority must be to get finance flowing and get prices right on all aspects of energy costs to support low-carbon growth”

A

TRUE!

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26
Q

What are environmental frameworks?

A

-Indigenous perspectives on health and the environment
-Two-Eyed Seeing – to overcome Western thinking
-Intersectional Ecological-Feminist Approaches (Singer, 2020)
-Centering nature, not centering humans in nature
-Planetary Health
-Support the planet and the planet will support you.

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27
Q

What can individuals do in relation to climate change and health in their nursing practice?

A

-improve ecoliteracy by seeking reliable information about environmental health issues

28
Q

What can you do with your patients in relation to climate change and health in their nursing practice?

A

-educate patients about ways environmental changes impact health
-support healthy lifestyle choices that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions
-assess risks and provide resources to prevent or mitigate environmental health hazards
-

29
Q

What can you do with your colleagues in relation to climate change and health in their nursing practice?

A

-share reliable climate change information
-encourage your peers to get involved and advocate for change
-collaborate with colleagues to mitigate environmental health risks at work
-help create nursing knowledge about environmental health issues

30
Q

What can you do with health systems and governments in relation to climate change and health in their nursing practice?

A

advocate for evidence-informed climate change mitigation and adaptation initiatives

31
Q

What is the agenda for action in relation to climate change?

A

1.Expand the guiding principles of public health

2.Understand & address ecological determinants

3.Walk the talk with environmentally responsible health care

4.Change social norms & values

5.Change the focus of development and the way is it measured

6.Strengthen ethical purchasing and investment policies

7.Protect people and communities from harm and health inequity

8.Protect people and communities from the adverse impacts of ecological change

9.Work with others to establish policies and practices that create more ecologically sustainable and health societies and communities

32
Q

What are the 3 main interventions for mitigation?

A

1) Reducing vehicle emissions by implementing higher emissions and efficiency standards could reduce black carbon and other co-pollutants from fossil fuels, improve air quality and reduce the disease burden attributable to outdoor air pollution.
2) Policies and investments that prioritize dedicated rapid transit such as buses and trains and foster safe pedestrian and cycle networks can promote multiple benefits, including safer active travel and reduced health risks from air and noise pollution, physical inactivity, and road traffic injuries.
3) Encouraging high and middle-income populations to increase their consumption of nutritious plant-based foods could reduce heart disease and some cancers, and slow methane emissions associated with some animal-sourced foods.

33
Q

What are the 10 signs and symptoms of severe heat-related illness?

A
  • Fainting or loss of consciousness
  • Unusual confusion or disorientation
  • Severe nausea and vomiting
  • Difficulty speaking
  • Unusual coordination problems
  • Hot, flushed skin or very pale skin
  • Not sweating
  • Rapid breathing and faint, rapid
    heart rate
  • Body temperature >39°C (102°F)
  • Very low, dark urine output
34
Q

Name 6 actions for severe heat-related illness.

A
  • Call 911 immediately
  • Stay with the individual until
    emergency services arrive
  • Move to a cooler area, if possible
  • Remove excess clothing
  • Have the individual rest
    comfortably flat on their back
    facing up or in a semi-upright
    position and offer water
  • Apply cool, wet towels or
    ice packs around the body,
    especially to the neck, armpits,
    and groin, until emergency
    services arrive
35
Q

How do we reduce our impact on climate change?

A

-Get a baseline for your energy use
i. Usage on your bills
-15% reduction in electricity consumption nationwide (US) would result in more than six lives saved each day and up to 30,000 fewer asthma episodes (Moving Forward Guide)
-Invest in renewable energy and get as close to zero carbon emissions as possible

36
Q

What are the 2 intersectoral ecological-feminist approaches?

A

(a) value dualism
(b) value hierarchical thinking

37
Q

True or false: Value dualism is used to establish opposition and exclusiveness

A

True!

38
Q

What is value hierarchical thinking?

A

is used to establish a hierarchy to justify domination

39
Q

What is the term that has the definition, “an example of an unprecedented force that is threatened by human action”?

a) Planetary Health
b) Marine Degradation
c) Ecotoxicity
d) Salutogenic

A

b)

other definitions…

Planetary health = is concerned with the unprecedented impact of human activity on Earth’s ecological systems in the atmosphere, in oceans, and on land and its consequences for human health. Recognizes that we can achieve and sustain the health of future generations

Ecotoxicity = interconnected with pollution. Concerned with the accumulation and impact of toxins on ecosystems and natural detoxifying mechanisms

Salutogenic = health-enhancing environments supported by scientific evidence. An alternative approach to pathogenesis where aims to look for the pathways to health and healing

40
Q

What are persistent organic pollutants (POPs)?

A

harmful chemicals produced by industries.

-around the Great Lakes region of North America have been found in the breast milk of Inuit women.

41
Q

Why are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) a global concern?

A

has the potential for long-range transport, persistence in the environment, ability to bio-magnify and bio-accumulate in ecosystems

42
Q

What is two-eyed seeing?

A

a holistic concept that helps overcome the prevailing Western dualistic thinking and opens possibilities for a re-imagination of our relationship with the environment as being part of it rather than having dominion over it

42
Q

What is two-eyed seeing?

A

a holistic concept that helps overcome the prevailing Western dualistic thinking and opens possibilities for a re-imagination of our relationship with the environment as being part of it rather than having dominion over it

43
Q

What are the 3 ecological determinants of health?

A

Earth’s (1) atmosphere, (2) oceans, and (3) terrestrial surfaces/the “natural goods and services” that are essential for life on our planet

44
Q

What is bioterrorism?

A

is the intentional use of a microorganism to cause infection or death

45
Q

True or false: Disaster occurs before an emergency.

A

False!

Emergency occurs before a disaster.

46
Q

What is disaster nursing?

A

An understanding of disaster training mixed with community health and public health nursing as well as technological experience. Strengthen the role of PHNs in emergency preparedness.

47
Q

Which act allows the federal government to grant the use of special powers to ensure the safety and security of Canadians during a national emergency?

A

Emergencies Act

48
Q

Which act replaces parts of the emergency preparedness act to strengthen the government’s readiness to respond to major emergencies by defining roles and responsibilities. Enhances information sharing between various levels, and provides critical infrastructure and assets vital to the safety and security of Canadian citizens?

A

Emergency Management Act

49
Q

Which act is joined with the Emergencies Act, provides a basis for the planning necessary to address disasters of all kinds and addresses the need for everyone to work together to make responsibilities and provides a structure for training and education in emergency planning?

A

Emergency Preparedness Act

50
Q

What term assesses the degree to which the hazard affects 3 critical dimensions; human, physical infrastructure and business impacts?

A

impact

51
Q

What is the incident command system (ICS)?

A

used at on-site emergency scenes by first responders using a formal command approach

52
Q

What is the incident management system (IMS)?

A

standardized function-driven model used by agencies throughout North America to manage and respond to emergencies

53
Q

What is a national emergency?

A

-the urgent and critical situation of a temporary nature that seriously endangers the lives, health or safety of Canadians
-is of such proportions or nature as to exceed the capacity or authority of a province to deal with it or seriously threaten the ability of the Canadian government to preserve the sovereignty, security and territorial integrity of Canada and cannot be effectively dealt with under any law of Canada.

54
Q

What is the national incident management system (NIMS)?

A

Developed by DOHS in the US and released in March 2004 helps develop emergency response plans for different emergencies and different complexities at all levels in the Canadian government.

55
Q

What are the 5 types of disasters and their consequences?

A

(1) natural disasters, (2) human-made disasters, (3) bioterrorism, (4) epidemics and (5) pandemics.
-Their consequences include serious injury or death to humans, lasting health, and financial, socioeconomic and environmental impacts. ie) food shortages etc.

56
Q

What are the essential elements to respond effectively in a disaster situation?

A

-engaging all healthcare professionals and agencies
-assessing hazards
-developing a plan using the IMS
-informing staff and partners
-increasing public awareness
-delivery training and testing of the plans
-systems in place.

57
Q

What is the goal when responding effectively to disaster situations?

A

Essentially, the goal is to bring an orderly, consistent and flexible chain of command and control within emergency response.

58
Q

What is the difference between the emergency act, emergency management act, and emergency preparedness act?

A

=the Emergency Act provides the authority
=Emergency Management act strengthens how ready the gov’t is to respond, defines roles and helps build the essentials after a disaster.
=the Emergency Preparedness act provides the background and rationale, assigns roles and says why everyone has to work together

59
Q

What are the 5 stages of emergency management in the life-cycle process of a disaster?

A

STAGE 1, PREVENTION
STAGE 2, MITIGATION
STAGE 3, PREPAREDNESS
STAGE 4, RESPONSE
STAGE 5, RECOVERY

60
Q

What occurs in the first prevention stage of emergency management in the life-cycle process of a disaster?

A

steps are taken to avoid an emergency or disaster, hazard promotion and a healthy lifestyle through public education

61
Q

What occurs in the second mitigation stage of emergency management in the life-cycle process of a disaster?

A

-actions reducing the impact of a disaster on the community
i.e vaccines, infection control methods etc.

62
Q

What occurs in the third preparedness stage of emergency management in the life-cycle process of a disaster?

A

-programs intended to maximize the efficiency of response through planning and prepping
-plans to establish communications, conduct training and test response plans

63
Q

What occurs in the fourth response stage of emergency management in the life-cycle process of a disaster?

A

-designed to address the immediate effects of an emergency
-focus on operations, including the mobilization of providers, coordination of healthcare services and acquiring necessary supplies

64
Q

What occurs in the fifth recovery stage of emergency management in the life-cycle process of a disaster?

A

-programs designed to return a situation to an acceptable and normal condition (usually the longest phase, which focuses on restoration)
ie) Includes activities to restore services, rebuild infrastructure etc.

65
Q

Describe the purpose of the Incident Management System (IMS) structure in a disaster or emergency situation.

A

-It uses an operational framework for emergency preparedness and response planning
-used to avoid confusion and enhance response.
-Benefits include: enhancing capacity, streamlining resources, improving communication and facilitating cooperation.

66
Q

What are the 5 parts of the Incident Management System (IMS)?

A
  1. Command
  2. Operation
  3. Planning
  4. Logistics
  5. Finance and Administration
    COPLFA

N430 Community Health Nursing (7 decks)

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