Midterm Flashcards
what are the 3-distinct sectors in early 20th century
Hospital nurses; private duty nurses; public health/home visiting nurses (professions elite)
phenomena
(objects, events, experience), explain relationships among phenomena, predict consequences and prescribe nursing care or actions.
what are the CHN core concepts:
Social Justice
Population focus
Epidemiology
Health promotion and prevention
what are the six broad theoretical perspectives
- Complexity Science
- Social Ecological Theory
- Critical Social Theory
- Feminist Theory
- Intersectionality
- Post Colonial Theory
what are the essential components of PHC (WHO)
- Education about health problems and prevention techniques
- Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
- Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
- Maternal and child healthcare, including family planning
- Immunization against major infectious diseases
- Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
- Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries using the PHC principle of appropriate technology
- Provision of essential drugs
what are the three levels of preventions
- Primary prevention-identifying potential risk factors
- Mobilization of policy and public awareness to avoid injury or illness - Secondary prevention-identification of diseases and conditions + timely treatment
- Tertiary prevention-initiated once the individual becomes symptomatic, or disease or injury is evident
what are the three streams of promotional health
- Downstream
- individual-focused orientation to treatment and care (pharmacology, surgery, rehab) - Mid-stream
- support at the community and organizational level for creating environments conducive to living healthfully (prenatal care, physical activity) - Upstream
- health public polices and programs and services deal with macro-level issues of employment, education and reimbursement mechanisms that affect all in a community (universal health care)
complexity Science
- It has a diverse range of interconnected disciplinary and theoretical roots but an elaboration of these is beyond the scope of this chapter.
- Sometimes referred to as “Complexity Theory” or “Complex adaptive systems theory”
- There is no single complexity theory or approach to complexity. These include interconnectedness or interdependence, non-linearity self-organization, emergence, and co-evolution.
- Interconnectedness occurs as agents in the system interact locally and exchange information to create new connections that allow information to spread through the system.
- Complexity theory helps nurses to understand their relationship to the system within which they work, and the theoretical principles have implications for their practice.
- Each situation and community is unique and may require a unique solution. In a complex system, the success of a given action or practice is dependent on the context, so success on one occasion does not mean there will be success the next time
social ecological theory
-The fundamental theoretical assumption in social ecological theory is that health is influence by the interplay among individual or communities and their surroundings -family, community, culture, and physical and social environment
-Social ecology “pays explicit attention to the social, institutional, and culture contexts of people environment relations, and draws on both large-scale preventives strategies of public health and individual-level strategies of behavioural science”
-Draws on system concepts of adaptation (what people do to adapt to the demands of context),
-Succession ( interventions are influence by history with the setting with its norms, values, policies, and social structure),
-Cycling or resource (interventions must build on existing strength of individuals, groups, communities, and institution),
-And interdependence (settings are systems, and changes in one aspect of the setting influences other aspects)
-The social ecological perspective is reflected in the field of social epidemiology, one of the important sciences that informs the synthesis in community health nursing referred to as eco-social.
-CHNs engage in health promotion activities and consider the array of factors affecting the health of the client and family. CHNs consider broad determinants of health such as income, education, employment opportunities, physical environment, and support system.
critical social theory
- One perspective that has been used by CHNs to inform their work with population groups who have been disadvantaged by social circumstances.
- Critical social theory provides a vantage from which to examine issues of community health practice and policy to see what is possible within the current situation. This perspective challenges the status quo and assumes a deliberate engagement with the problem of society and the processes of social transformation.
feminist theory
-Focused on equity, oppression, and justice, which are central concerns in public health and community health nursing.
-Feminism is a component part of intersectionality.
-Consideration for all of the eight CHNC standards of practice.
intersectionality theory
- Provides a way to understand how multiple social identities such as gender, race, disability, socioeconomic status, and other inequalities intersect at the level of the individual and reflect social constructions of oppressions and privilege.
- Examines the difference and the influence of power on an individual or group who have their own history within the context of their current surrounding
- Describe as a framework that accounts for the synergist or amplifying influence of multiple forms of oppression
Postcolonial Theory
-Challenges us to consider oppressive structures that assume a view reflecting dominant discourse and culture and to give voice to subjugated and indegenous knowledge, especially non-Western voices”
-Challenge our assumptions through encouraging self-reflection and exploration of the forms of oppression at play within any given nurse-client or nurse-community interactions
-Beneficial for nurse research in guiding the research process.
-Same to feminist theory with the focus of oppression in causing inequalities in health
Conceptual model and framework: Canadian Community as Partner
- Emphasis is on understanding the community as a dynamic system that interacts with its environment
- Depicts the community as a dynamic system that interacts with its environment and moves iteratively through the phases of community assessment, analysis, diagnosis, planning, interventions as primary, secondary, or tertiary preventive levels, and is consistent with the broad determinants of health.
Conceptual model and framework: POPULATION HEALTH PROMOTIONS: AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF POPULATION HEALTH AND HEALTH PROMOTION
Uses Canadian model demonstrates the link between population health and health promotion at various levels of action. The model is used to identify specific actions as well as demonstrates how to combine various actions to create a comprehensive action strategy. Attention is directed to individual, family, and community levels.
