Week 13 and 14- Social Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Napoleon do to newspaper publication?

A

January 1800, Parisian newspapers were reduced from 73 to 13.
By 1801, only 4 were still allowed to publish.
All newspapers were subject to police supervision.
1810- Other papers reduced to one per department
The government published its own paper Le Moniteur

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2
Q

How did Napoleon use censors?

A

They were appointed to each paper from 1809 so no paper could discuss controversial subjects.
Official news was issued by Napoleon’s ministers.
Military bulletins were written by Napoleon himself.

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3
Q

How did Napoleon control publishing houses?

A

An 1808 decree reduced the number of publishing houses in Paris from nearly 200 to 60.
They had to obtain licences from police.

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4
Q

When was a censorship board set up and what was its role?

A

Passed through an 1810 decree.

It approved and rejected books for publication.

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5
Q

What propaganda did Napoleon spread of himself?

A

Napoleon’s image was more personal than revolutionary propaganda.
Presented self-glorification and bringing order to chaos.
Commissioned artists, architects, sculptors, writers to honour him.
Such as Jacques-Louis David’s Imperial Coronation painting on 2nd December 1804.

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6
Q

How did Napoleon use buildings as propaganda?

A

He started a programme of rebuilding and building public works in Paris to create a positive image.
This included a rebuilding of the old Church of La Madeleine as the Temple of Glory from 1804.

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7
Q

How was Napoleon’s censorship campaign successful?

A

Improved his image.
Glorified the regime by including imagery of the Roman Empire.
Prevented political opposition.
Military bulletins encouraged the army’s unconditional faith in Napoleon.

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8
Q

What weakness were there with Napoleon’s censorship campaign?

A

Loss of support from certain sections of society.

Censorship contradicted the very principles of the Revolution which Napoleon had promised to defend.

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9
Q

How did Napoleon change education under the Church

A

He removed education from the hands of the Church set up by the revolutionaries.
However, he allowed church-run schools to exist alongside his new secular state schools.
He claimed to devise a new “enlightened” education system for France.

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10
Q

What were the two main purposes for the education system reforms?

A

To provide the state with a ready supply of civilian officials and administrators and loyal and disciplined army officers.
To unite the nation together.

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11
Q

Did Napoleon support equal education opportunities?

A

He claimed to but, in practice, failed to deliver equal opportunities.
He denied that the education of girls was a priority as “marriage is their destiny”.

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12
Q

Which law made large reforms to the education system?

A

A new law established in May 1802.
Set up a state primary school in each commune.
Lycees were to provide secondary education for boys age 10-16.

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13
Q

How many lycees were set up?

A

Initially, 37 lycees but eventually 45

Napoleon more concerned with Lycees than primary schools.

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14
Q

What was Napoleon’s priority with schooling?

A

To instil virtues of obedience in pupils.

He saw schools as a source of the Empire’s future military and civilian personnel.

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15
Q

Who benefitted from the new school system?

A

Property-owning classes and military elite.

2400 of the 6400 places available went to the sons of soldiers and Napoleon’s ‘notables’.

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16
Q

How did Napoleon control what was taught?

A

All teachers had to give an oath of loyalty and obedience.
School inspections and reports were sent to Napoleon.
The government-appointed teachers would deliver a common syllabus from identical textbooks.

17
Q

What were the strengths of the changes to education?

A

Allowed Napoleon to havemanycivil administratorswho would be educated on his regime.
Increased loyalty to Napoleon.
The system was highly centralised.

18
Q

What were the weaknesses of the changes to education?

A

Limited places at thelycees meant that only a smallproportion of the population could attend.
Control couldn’t necessarily extend to the Third estate which had the greatest population.
Napoleon failed to provide equal opportunities.

19
Q

How did Napoleon use patronage?

A

Allowed him to provide rewards at little cost to himself.

He particularly wanted to bind powerful political and military figures to the regime

20
Q

When was The Legion of Honour established by Napoleon?

A

1802

21
Q

When was the role of The Legion of Honour?

A

Reward loyal servants (Mostly for military figures, only 1500 civilians were rewarded).

22
Q

How many rewards were distributed under The Legion of Honour?

A

32,000 awards were given 1802-1814

23
Q

What was the structure of The Legion of Honour?

A

Napoleon was the grand master of the order.

Below him, a council of 7 grand officers administered 15 cohorts (military-like hierarchy within the order).

24
Q

How were recipients of the Legion of Honour rewarded?

A

Received a small salary and a star of the order.
After the establishment of the Empire in 1805, a large sash and silver star with an eagle was added.
After establishment of nobility in 1808, members of Legion of Honour could be called Chevaliers.

25
Q

What was the significance of the symbol of the eagle?

A

Links to ancient Roman legions and was carried into battle in Napoleon’s Grande Armée.
It linked Napoleon’s rule to the military might of the Roman Empire.

26
Q

How long-lasting were the rewards from the Legion of Honour?

A

If the recipient’s annual income was over 200,000 francs, or after 3 generations of recipients, the title was made hereditary

27
Q

How did the Legion of Honour impact women?

A

3 women received the honour for military service: Virginie Ghesquière, Marie-Jeanne Schelling and Sister Anne Biget.

28
Q

When were new titles added to bind supporters to the regime?

A

1804-1808 new titles were created for officials of the new imperial court.
Some titles brought large estates.
1808 Napoleon created a new imperial nobility

29
Q

How were senate members rewarded?

A

Could receive senatoreries - grants of large country estates with an annual income of 25,000 francs, and appointment to prefect of a whole region

30
Q

How were “Lesser individuals” rewarded?

A

More than 5000 gifts of enough money were made to army officers, government officials and minor members of the new nobility.

31
Q

How did Napoleon use bribery?

A

Napoleon saw bribery as unreliable and insufficient to maintain popular support, so avoided it.

32
Q

What was the overall significance of Napoleon’s use of patronage and New Honours?

A

Only rewarded those who already possessed influence and wealth.
The rewards were focused on military figures, reflecting the importance of the army to Napoleon’s authority.

33
Q

What were the weaknesses of Napoleon’s use of Patronage and New Honours?

A

Criticised for restoring privilege and divisions of the Ancien Regime.
Mocked as meaningless by some.
Favouritism to the army.

34
Q

What were the strengths of Napoleon’s use of Patronage and New Honours?

A

Won him the support of useful figures.
Focused on meritocracy- Rewarding people with prestige for their service rather than status.
Sets Napoleon up as a generous patron.
Encouraged loyalty and obedience amongst civilians.
The fact that the order had so many members reflects its success.