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Research Skills > Week 13 > Flashcards

Week 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the seven phases of research?

A
  1. idea-generating
  2. problem-definition phase
  3. procedure-design phase
  4. observation phase
  5. data analysis phase
  6. interpretation phase
  7. communication phase
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2
Q

What are the 5 types of research?

A
  1. Naturalistic observation
  2. case study
  3. correlational research
  4. differential research
  5. experimental research
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3
Q

What are the 6 basic principles of research?

A
  1. respect
  2. beneficence
  3. justice
  4. responsibility
  5. competence
  6. propriety
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4
Q

What was the 2007 ethical conduct statement made called?

A

National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research

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5
Q

What is it called when going against the national ethical statement on conduct?

A

Scientific misconduct

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6
Q

What are the two types of data?

A
  1. Measurement data

2. Categorical data

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7
Q

What is the easiest way to describe reliability?

A

Consistency

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8
Q

What is the easiest way to describe validity?

A

Truthfulness, accuracy

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9
Q

Does validity require reliability or reliability require validity?

A

Validity requires reliability, but reliability does not necessarily require validity.

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10
Q

What are the three types of validity?

A

Test retest, parallel forms, split half

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11
Q

What are four types of validity?

A

Predictive, concurrent, content, discriminant

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12
Q

What are scores called after converting raw scores to standard scores?

A

Z-scores

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13
Q

What are z scores?

A

Scores are distance from mean, expressed in SDs

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14
Q

Define standard deviation

A

Summarises variability of sample scores

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15
Q

What is standard error?

A

Summarises variability of statistics

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16
Q

What is a confident interval?

A

Quantifies precision of estimate of population parameter

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17
Q

What is the p value?

A

The probability that an effect as large or larger as calculated in the sample would occur if the effect in the population was exactly 0.

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18
Q

What p value means the effect is statistically significant?

A

p < .05

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19
Q

Which p value is mean that it is not statistically significant?

A

p > .05

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20
Q

What happens when P > .05?

A

We fail to reject the null. However, this does not indicate that the null is true.

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21
Q

What have a direct relation to p-values?

A

Confidence intervals

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22
Q

The sample statistic is statistically significantly different from:

A

all values outside the CI.

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23
Q

What does it mean if two CIs do not overlap?

A

That their sample statistics are significantly different.

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24
Q

If samples are independent groups, when are sample statistics significantly different?

A

If CIs overlap <25% of the total length

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25
Q

When are samples are not independent, can overlapping CIs be used to infer statistical significance?

A

No.

26
Q

What type of units is the size of an effect expressed as?

A

Standard units.

27
Q

Describe the weak, moderate and strong effect of the correlation r

A

Weak = .1, Moderate = .3 and strong = .5

28
Q

Describe the small, medium and large difference of means when using Cohen’s d:

A

small = 0.2, medium =0.5 and large = 0.8

29
Q

When assessing proportions in a Chi-square, how is effect size measured?

A

an r-type measurement, the same as correlation

weak = .1, moderate = .3 and strong = .5

30
Q

What is used to assess effect size in an ANOVA eta-squared?

A

weak/small = .01, moderate = /06 and strong/large = .14

31
Q

Name three attributes of a Type 1 error?

A
  1. false positive
  2. incorrectly reject the null when it is true
  3. probability = p-value for statistical significance (a = alpha)
32
Q

What are three attributes of a type 2 error?

A
  1. false negative
  2. failure to reject null when it is false
  3. probability = beta
33
Q

What type of design can be used in a Chi-square?

A

experimental or non-experimental

34
Q

What variables are used in a chi-square?

A

nominal/categorical

35
Q

What are two types of chi-squares?

A
  1. Chi-square goodness of fit

2. chi square test of independence

36
Q

What are the data requirements for a chi-square?

A

expected counts have to be greater or equal to 5

37
Q

How is effect size measured in a chi-square?

A

Using Cramer’s V

38
Q

What are four variable characteristics in correlation?

A
  1. interval/ratio
  2. univariate normality
  3. bivariate normality
  4. linearity
39
Q

What are three things to watch out for in correlation?

A
  1. spurious correlation
  2. truncated range
  3. non-linearity
40
Q

In correlation, design affects what?

A

Internal validity.

41
Q

How does design effect internal validity in correlation?

A
  1. perhaps a third/lurking variable

2. directionality

42
Q

What is more general than correlation?

A

Regression

43
Q

What are two ways that regression enables prediction?

A
  1. predictor variable

2. outcome (criterion) variable

44
Q

What are the three regression statistics?

A
  1. intercept (constant)
  2. B coefficient (standardised is Beta)
  3. R-squared
45
Q

Experimental research is characterised by control. What are two ways this is done?

A
  1. Manipulate IV to cause a change in DV

2. Control extraneous and confounding variables to minimise threats to internal validity

46
Q

What should be used when making inferences about means?

A

t-tests

47
Q

What are the three types of t-tests?

A
  1. one sample t-test
  2. independent samples t-test
  3. paired samples t-test
48
Q

What data is needed for the DV when using a t-test?

A

interval/ratio DV

49
Q

Can a t-test be used in both an experimental and non-experimental design?

A

yes

50
Q

What type of IV does both a paired and independent t-test require

A

categorical

51
Q

What are two ways that t-tests test homogeneity of variance or independent samples?

A

Levene’s test and Hartley’s F max test

52
Q

How is effect size measured in t-tests?

A

Using Cohen’s d

53
Q

What type of omnibus test does a between subjects design use in ANOVA?

A

An independent groups

54
Q

What type of ANOVA omnibus test use in a within subjects design?

A

repeated measures

55
Q

With a one way ANOVA, how many independent variables must we have?

A

Only one.

56
Q

What does a null hypothesis mean?

A

That all means are equal

57
Q

What is the F statistic?

A

Ratio of between-groups and within-groups (error) variances

58
Q

What are the data requirements/assumptions when using a one-way ANOVA?

A

The same for t-tests

59
Q

What is a family wise error rate?

A

Inflated type 1 error rate

60
Q

What are the three multiple comparison tests(idk if right)?

A
  1. Family wise error rate
  2. conservative vs liberal
  3. bonferroni;tukey, LSD (no correction)
61
Q

How is effect size measured in a one-way ANOVA?

A

Eta-squared

Research Skills (13 decks)

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