week 13-2

Question 1

infants have a strong reliance on vision to control their balance

Answer 1

true

Question 2

_____ synergy- particular muscles work together to achieve the task; in case of reactive balance occurs without voluntary control

Answer 2

muscle

Question 3

somatosensory/ proprioception

Answer 3

reduced sensory feedback from legs and feet increased postural sway

Question 4

vestibular

Answer 4

head titling
COP RMS increases with head tilt even when visual input remains constant

Question 5

blind individuals

Answer 5

blind participants had smaller COP- COM displacement compared to sighted with eyes closed
- if a deficit in postural control due to a loss of vision remained it should stay the same

Question 6

vestibular loss patients

Answer 6

immediately after a unilateral/ bilateral loss of vestibular info, patients adopt abnormal alignment and increase in sway
-patients rapidly adapt to the loss of vestibular info
-after the initial recovery period, postural sway with eyes open is often similar to that observed in controls

Question 7

locomotion definition

Answer 7

a controlled rhymic act of moving the body from one place to another
- involves repeated cycles of movements
-CNS processing and transformation into appropriate motor output
- sensory contribution form visual, proprioceptive, vestibular and cutaneous source

Question 8

stance

Answer 8

starts with heel contact (60% of step cycle)

Question 9

swings

Answer 9

starts with toe- off 40%

Question 10

walking

Answer 10

• locomotion in which the legs move in antiphase
  -one foot or the other is in contact with ground at all time
• includes a short period of time when both feet are on ground at same time
• plantigrade-place whole sole of foot on ground

Question 11

running

Answer 11

• locomotion in which the legs move in antiphase
  -both feet are never on the ground at the same time
• includes period when both feet off ground (flight period)
• plantigrade (slow jogging)

Question 12

heel contact in knee extension

Answer 12

absorb impact- eccentrically contract

Question 13

heel contact ankle dorsiflexor

Answer 13

decelerate eccentrically contract

Question 14

toe-off propulsion forward

Answer 14

concenter contraction pf plantar flexors

Question 15

Swing - forward acceleration of thigh

Answer 15

concentric contraction of quadriceps

Question 16

Swing - toe clearance

Answer 16

concentric
contraction of dorsiflexors

Question 17

Swing - forward deceleration

Answer 17

eccentric contraction of hamstrings
Knee Flexors
Knee Extensors
Plantar Flexors
Dorsiflexors
LOCOMOTION - WALKING
Neural control of gait: 3) Swing

Question 18

Sensory feedback is important for

Answer 18

• Initiating walking
• Controlling phase transitions (e.g. from stance to swing phase)
• Regulating level of muscle activity
• Correcting for unexpected disturbances (e.g., stumbling-corrective response)

Question 19

controlling phase and timing of transitions

Answer 19

Making transition from stance to swing during walking
Stretch hip flexors (muscle spindles)
Inhibit knee extensor and cause earlier onset of knee flexor
Muscle receptors in hip flexor signal when swing phase should be initiated

Question 20

stumbling corrective response

Answer 20

-encounter obstacle during swing phase
-automatic flexion response to step over the obstacle