Week 13 Flashcards
Religion and its five main functions
Religion simply as a set of beliefs and behaviors that pertain to supernatural forces or beings which transcend the observable world.
1 community
2 values
3 faith
4reason
5solving p
supernatural forces
Disembodied powers, such as luck, that exist beyond the observable world
Ex: the evil eye
supernatural beings
Personified or embodied beings, such as deities or spirits, that exist beyond the observable world
ex:
*Deities
– powerful gods and goddesses
– monotheism
– polytheism
– can reflect social hierarchy
and gender roles
*Ancestral spirits
types of religious practitioners & examples
Priest/Priestess
- full-time practitioner
- found primarily in stratified societies
- carry out religious rituals
Shaman
- part-time practitioner
- found primarily in egalitarian societies
- communicate directly with
supernatural beings and forces
- types of religious resistance & examples
- Syncretism
– merging of different
belief systems after culture contact - Religious revitalization movements
– seeking new ways to resist change by appealing to
old gods through rituals
General reciprocity
a set of social rules that govern the specialized sharing of food and other items
-Payment is not given when a gift is
given, but there is an obligation to
reciprocate at a later date for an equal
value
Balanced reciprocity
A form of exchange in which the value of goods is specified as well as the time frame of repayment
Negative reciprocity
A deceptive practice in which the exchange is unequal; an exchange in which the seller asks more than the value of the item
redistribution
an economic system in which goods and money flow into a central entity, such as a governmental authority or a religious institution
market exchange
an economic system in which prices for goods and prices are set by supply and demand
Characteristics of foragers (know their economic exchange systems & foodways)
Utilization of food resources available in the environment; also known as food foraging or hunting and gathering
-Nomadic (base food on the environment)
Foodways:Wild plants, fish, and animals
Horticulturalist (know their economic exchange systems & foodways)
Food producers who cultivate the land in small-scale farms or gardens
sedentary village life
-Food producers.
-Generalized reciprocity (in which they share with family and close friends)
-Balanced reciprocity (in which they trade with others outside their trusted circle)
pastoralists (know their economic exchange systems & foodways)
A way of life that revolves around domesticating animals and herding them to pasture
-Animal husbandry is main foodway
Economics: reciprocity,
redistribution, market economy
Intensive agriculturists (know their economic exchange systems & foodways)
A farming technique that can support a large population using advanced tools and irrigation, and requiring more preparation and maintenance of the soil
-Domestication
-Economics: reciprocity, redistribution
and market economy
Industrialists (know their economic exchange systems & foodways)
Methods of producing food and goods using highly mechanized machinery and digital information
- Monocultured crops are more susceptible to loss from a single type of soil-borne illness or insect pest than are naturally resil-ient mixed ecosystems.
-genetically modified (GM) seed. A
-Market economy
Explain why “healthy foods” are a cultural construction and how that impacts traditional models of food insecurity
Religion five main funtions
Functions of Religion
1. Creates community
2. Instills values
3. Renew faith
4. Provides reasons
5. Solves problems