Week 12: Culture Part 2 (Indigenous/Spirituality) Flashcards
What percent of the Canadian population are indigenous people?
4.3%
What are the 3 indigenous groups?
First Nations
Metis
Inuit
To which indigenous groups does the legal term Indian apply?
All except Inuit
What is unique amongst each indigenous group?
Each has its own language, heritage, cultural practices, and spiritual beliefs.
Explain the difference between Status, Non-Status, and treaty Indians:
Status Indians: registered under the Indian Act
Non- Status Indians: not registered under the Indian Act
Treaty Indian: Status indian who belongs to the First Nation who signed a treaty with the Crown.
What is the Indian Act?
It regulates management of resources and sets out certain federal obligations
What is Daniels Decision?
A federal decision made to include non-status and Metis as part of being “Indian” and to include them in the federal jurisdiction.
Why was Daniels Decision important for Non-Status and Metis?
They became part of “Indians” which allowed them the right to be consulted by, and to negotiate with, the federal government over needs, rights, and interests as Indigenous peoples.
What is the largest and most widespread language family for the Indigenous peoples?
Algonquian
Pre-European Contact: Indigenous people were composed of distinct cultures from what regions?
Artic, Western Subartic, Eastern Subartic, Northeastern Woodlands, Plains, Plateus, and Northwest Coast
What part of Canada did the Inuit inhabit pre-european contact?
Northern Canada (Northwest Labrador, Northern Quebec, the territory of Nuanavut, and Northwest territories)
Where are the Metis noted as a distinct Indigenous group?
Born from union of Indigenous women and European men during the fur trade, post-contact but precolonially.
What legal term is used to refer to a Status Indian?
Indian
What was the purpose of the Indian Act?
To assimilate First Nations people into Canadian society.
It sets out federal obligations toward “Indians” and regulates management of reserves, money, and other resources for “Indians”
Is the term Indian preferred by the Indigenous people?
NO. First nation/s is preferred.
What is a reserve?
Land set aside by the federal governmnt for the exclusive use of an Indian band or First Nations.
Are Inuits indians?
No. They are first peoples and aboriginals but not first nations (who are indians)
Where did the Inuits mainly reside?
Northern Canada
Historically, how did the Indigenous communities experience healing and well-being?Give examples:
Hollistic view of health - physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual.
Traditional shamas, hebalists, and specialized healers.
What term refers to: Institutions and policies concerning Indigenous peoples developed by European imperial and Euro-American settlers?
Colonialism
What role did the government play in colonialism?
Oppressive and suppressive policies implemented to assimilate Indigenous people to Canadian society.
How do Indigenous people suffer in terms of mental health due to colonialism?
Historical trauma
How did colonialism impact the health of Indigenous ppls and how?
Brought in diseases such as smallpox, tuberculosis (TB), and measles which killed thousands of Indigenous ppls. Dimished ppl, malnutrition, starvation and alcohol consumption made circumstances worse.
Post-european contact what colonial practices in Canada were put in plae to assimilate Indigenous people (especially kids)? Effects of it?
Residential schools.
Effects: Intergenrational trauma and a cultural genocide
What was the purpose of residential schools?
ASSIMILATE them to mainstream Canada society. Elimilate Indigenous people as a distinct group. Motive was to avoid legal and financial obligations that the federal government had with Indigenous ppls, as well as gain control over their lands and resources, thereby eliminating treaties, reserves, and Indigenous rights.
Describe the conditions of residential schools:
- poorly built and maintained buildings led by churches
- low staff
- harsh disciplines such as forbidden to speak their own language, or take part in any cultural activity (even spirituality)
- physical and sexual abuse
- inclining diseases and malnutrition = deaths
- dead bodies not sent back home or to communities
- many escaped and froze to death
What happened to the surviors of residential schools?
Intergenerational Trauma.
Suvivors grw up in institutional upbringing so they didn’t know how to parent or be parented and became abusive themselves.
What is TRC?
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
What was the purpose of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)?
- common experience payment (10,000 + 3000/year of school attended)
- financial settlements for those who suffered abuse of neglect
- commemoration initiatives ($$ set aside for services, memorials, etc)
- funding for the AHF (Aboriginal Healing Foundation). To address the healing needs of Aoriginal people who were affected.
What is the sixties scoop?
The Sixties Scoop refers to a practice that occurred in Canada of taking, or “scooping up,” Indigenous children from their families and communities for placement in foster homes or adoption. Despite the reference to one decade, the Sixties Scoop began in the late 1950s and persisted into the 1980s.
Why was the sixties scoop a form of structural racism towards the First Nations?
In hopes of saving them from the effects of crushing poverty, unsanitary health conditions, poor housing and malnutrition, children were places in non-indigenous housing which didn’t consider the importance of family and culture and as a result First Nations lost almost an entire generation of children.
Althoug residential schools were being phased out, how was assimilation still happening?
Child welfare system - removing Indigenous children from families “in the best interest of the child”. SIXTIES SCOOP.
How did the children who were placed in non-indigenous homes suffer?
- abuse/neglect
- racialized power dynamics
- loss of culture and identity
- low self identity and low self esteem
- self harm/suicide
What was the impact of residential schools?
poverty addiction physical and emotional abuse racism family violence child welfare involvement lack of parenting skills lack of cultural knowledge
Delays in service for on-reserve First Nations children is an example of?
Structural racism
Increasing assaults of Indigenous women is an example of?
Structural racism
Child-welfare and sixties scoop is/was an example of?
Structural racism
The justice system and incarceration of a disorioirtionate number of indigenous people is an example of?
Structural racism
It served the same purpose of residential school (assimilation) and further made Indigenous ppl mistrust and fear the system when their experiences were not heard or justice wasn’t served.
Why are services often denied, delayed or disruptive for Indigenous children?
Because their health care is funded by complex systems
What term refers to somone who collectively considers how steps can advance the truth and the reconciliation process?
Settler Ally
What are the steps to becoming a settler ally? (4)
self awarenes
self education
creating an open and supportive environment
action
How do the indigenous view the world?
- connection to land and its uses
- collective cultures (not individualistic)
- elastic sense of time
Explan the medicine wheel of theory of Indigenous health
- circular (past, present, future) representation of the interconnectedness of life (of all beings including plants, rocks, animals, spirits, humans)
- core belief of sacredness
- balance between the 4 components (physical, mental, emotional, spiritual)
- various modes of tx (including ceremonies, herbal and medicinal, and storytelling)
The Indigenous believe that poor health is an outcome of what?
Disharmony between the 4 components of the medicine wheel
How are values passed down in the Indigenous community?
Elders - through ceremony, teachings, and role-modelling
Explain the Seven Grandfathers Teachings theory in the Indigenous community?
Teachings in the Ojibwe culture passed down from generation to generation through stories:
Values: Wisdom, love, respect, bravery, honesty, humility, and truth
Give an example of a correlation between health and Indigenous identity?
Those who have an ethnic identity (hair, brown colour) are identified as being more “authentic” and who fail to embody the ideal ethnic image are marginalized and this is because ethnic identity is a factor in coping psychologically, in social interactions, and in community. And these all contribute to one’s mental health
What nursing considerations are required when caring for Indigenous peoples health?
- respect
- trust
- spirituality
What nursing implications are required when caring for Indigenous peoples health?
- cultural competency
- cultural safety
- humility
Not ensuring orivacy for patients, negative nonverbal behaviours, and behaviours that demonstrated discriminatory attitudes are examples of?
Lack of respect
Keeping one’s word, maintaining confidentiality, being reliable, being kind and nonjudgmental are examples of?
Being trustworthy
What kind of care is provided whe a nurse allows a spiritual elder healer or allows the burning of sweet grass for a patient?
Spiritual care which is important to Indigenous peoples
Reflecting on you own assumptions, minimizing power differentials, undertaking process of decolonization, and engaging in conversations with the patient are examples of providing what kind of care?
Culture Safety
Using knowledge, attitudes and skills that demonstrate cultural awareness is providing what kind of care?
culturally competent care
Social determinants of health can be viewed in 3 catergories/domains. List the 3:
Proximal determinants of health
Intermediate
Distal
What role do proximal determinants of health play on Indigenous peoples?
They have a direct influence on health and include healthy behaviours (such as eating nutritious foods and exercising daily) and considerations of the physical and social environment.
What role do proximal determinants of health play on Indigenous peoples?
They are seen as the origin of proximal SDOH and include community infrastructure, resources, and systems (such as sidewalks, oarks, walking trails).
What role do distal determinants of health play on Indigenous peoples?
MOST INFLUENCE on populations. Emcompass historical, political, social, and economic contexts from which intermediate and proximal SDOH are constructed (such as stable government structure, competent leadership, ad effective policing services).
What term refers to legitimized and normalized spectrum of attitudes, practices, and policies that consistently result in chronicand continuous substandard outcomes for Indigenous peoples?
Structural racism
Racism, Colonialism (Indian Act, residential School) are examples of what kind of SDOH?
Distal
Social Network, Support Health care access, Cultural continuity are examples of what kind of SDOH?
Intermediate
Education, Income, Smoking, Employment, Substance use are examples of what kind of SDOH?
Proximal
What health disparities do the Indigenous people face in particular?
- DM
- HIV and AIDS
- Cancer
- TB
- COPD/asthma
- Cardiovascular disease
- Otitis media
- Rheumatic disease
- Addictions
What term refers to: a way of being in the world I which a person feels a sense of connectedness to self, others, a higher power or nature?
Spirituality
A sense of meaning in life can be defined as
Spirituality
Transcendence beyong self, everyday living, and suffering can be achieved by
Spirituality
What does caring for a person’s psiritual needs mean?
- caring for whole person
- accepting beliefs and experiences
- helping with issues surrounding meaning and hope
Is spirituality a dimension of overall health?
yes
Do spiritual needs decrease or increase when physical health declines?
Spiritual needs may increase as health declines
Patints with healthy inner spirituality are less likely to experience what?
Depression and conflicts
What can provide psychoogical support, an improved sense of well-being, and support a healthy lifestyle?
Spirituality
Can spirituality and religion be used interchangable?
NO. In practice they may look alike but they are not in nursing.
Define spirituality:
a sense in the world when one is connected to themselves, others and higher power or nature
Define religion:
oraganized system of beliefs concerning the causem nature, and purpose of the universe, especially belief in or worship god/s
What is faith?
complete trust or confidence insomething
What is transcendence?
an awareness of something that a person cannot see or know in ordinary physical ways
Is transcendence only about god?
No. can be about anything including humanity, nature, universe.
What us the difference between atheistic and agnostic?
Atheists do not believe in god whereas agnosts believe that the ultimate reality is UNKNOWN.
How does conceptualizing spirituality play a role in student nurses?
- student nurses may enter nursing to help others and make a meaningful contribution to life
- spirituality of a nurse may be influenced by the suffering of others or challenging work environment
- important for students to develop personal spiritual resources
In what ways can nurses develop and maintain spirituality?
- reflective journalling
- meditation
- mindfullness
Whaat does meditation do to stress and our quality of life?
Decreases stres and increased quality of life
What can injury or illness do to one’s spirituality?
It can produces spiritual challenges and transformation. . Some may reconsider beliefs and feel anger towards god and others, while some maintain spiritual practices and connect with God and significant others (may promote courage and growth)
In what spiritual ways does terminal illness impact us?
We think the meaning of life and what comes after life
What are common concerns individuals with terminal illness face? And how does spirituality help?
Fearful of physical pain, isolation, and losing control.
Spirituality can provide source of comfort and strength.
