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N101 > Week 10: Mobility:Activity & Exercise > Flashcards

Week 10: Mobility:Activity & Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

How does exercise affect the cardiovascular system?

A

increased cardiac output
Improved myocardial contraction, stronger cardiac muscle
Decreased resting heart rate
Improved venous return

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2
Q

How does exercise affect the pulmonary system?

A

Increased respiratory rate & depth followed by a quicker return to resting state
Improved alveolar ventilation
Decreased work of breathing
Improved diaphragmatic excursion

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3
Q

How does exercise affect the metabolic system?

A 
Increased basal metabolic rate
Increased use of glucose & fatty acids
Increased triglyceride breakdown
Increased motility
Increased production of body heat
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4
Q

How does exercise affect the musculoskeletal system?

A 
Improved muscle tone
Increased joint mobility
Improved muscle tolerance to physical exercise
Possible increase in muscle mass
Reduced bone loss
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5
Q

How does exercise affect activity tolerance?

A

Improved tolerance

Decreased fatigue

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6
Q

How does exercise affect the psychosocial function?

A

Improved tolerance to stress
Reports of “feeling better”
Reports of decreased illness

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7
Q

What is term that refers to the relationship of one’s body part to another body part along a horizontal or vertical line?

A

Body alignment

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8
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

Internal state of muscle tension within an individual muscle or muscle groups

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9
Q

What is body balance?

A

Balance that is achieved when centre of gravity is balance over a stable base of support and enhanced using proper posture. 1) wide base 2) centre of gravity closer to base of support

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10
Q

What term refers to force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement? What does it do to pts’?

A

Friction

increase risk of skin and tissue damage and potential pressure injuries

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11
Q

How can nurses reduce friction? (4)

A
  • avoid lifting or moving pts manually. Use lift
  • if you must assist manually, use friction reducing devices such as slider sheet, slide board or transfer board
  • use some to pts strength and mobility to assist. ex. if pt can bend knees while assisting them move up in bed, this reduces friction
  • decrease surface area of pt which will reduce friction. ex. cross arms across chest
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12
Q

What term refers to physical activity for the purpose of conditioning the body, improving health, and maintaining fitness, or done for therapeutic measures.

A

Exercise

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13
Q

What is activity intolerance?

A

Kind and amount of exercise or activivty an individual is able to perform

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14
Q

What factors affect and individuals activity intolerance?

A

Physiological, emotional, and developmental

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15
Q

What is isotonic exercise?

A

Cause muscle contraction and change in muscle length. These exercises enhance circulatory and respiratory functioning, increase muscle mass, tone, and strength and promote osteoblastic activity (Activity by bone-forming cells to combat osteoprosis)

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16
Q

What is isometric exercise?

A

Involves muslce tightening or tensing muscles without body parts. Helpful for those recovering from injuries or ROM limited.

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17
Q

Walking, swimming, dance aerobics, jogging, bicyling, and moving arms and legs with light resistant are examples of what kind of exercise?

A

Isotonic

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18
Q

Quadriceps (presing the knee towards the bed and holding) is what type of exercise?

A

Isometric

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19
Q

What is resistive exercise?

A

When an individual contracts the muscle while pushing against a stationary object or resisting the movement of a object.

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20
Q

Planks, wall pushup, hip lifting in char are examples of what kind of exercise?

A

Resistive exercise

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21
Q

What 3 systems help regulate body movement?

A

Skeletal system (bones), skeletal muscle, and nervous system

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22
Q

What are the 5 functions of bones (skeletal system)?

A 
support (contribute to shape, alignment and positioning of body parts)
protection (protect vital organs)
movement
mineral storage
hematopoeisis (blood cell formation)
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23
Q

How are bones characterized?

A

By firmness, rigidity, and elasticity

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24
Q

What are pathological fractures and how do they occur?

A

Fractures caused by weakened bone tisse. Pt’s who have decreased calcium regulation and metabolism are at risk of osteoporosis and pathological fratures.

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25
Q

How does weakened bone marrow contribute to falls?

A

Bone marrow pariticipates in RBC production (hematopoiesis) and acts as blood reservoir. Pts with altered bone marrow or diminished RBC production are usually weakened or easily fatigued which places them at a risk for falls.

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26
Q

What purpose do joints, ligaments, and cartilage serve in supporting the body?

A

permit strength anf flexibilty of the skeleton

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27
Q

What is ROM?

A

Range of normal movement for a joint, varies person to person. “flexibility”

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28
Q

List the 4 joint types?

A

Synarthrotic
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
Synovial

29
Q

This joint type has no movement and bones are joined by bones. It provides strength and stability.

A

Synarthrotic joint. ex. sacrum (in which vertebrae are joined)

30
Q

This joint type has little movement. It is elastic and uses cartilage to unite body surfaces.

A

Cartilaginous joint ex. costosternal joints between sternum and ribs

31
Q

This joint type joins 2 bones by a ligament or membrane. It is flexible and stretches, permitting a limited ROM.

A

Fibrous joint ex. paired bones of the lower leg(fusing tibia and fibula)

32
Q

This joint type is freely movable. Bondy surfaces are covered by articular cartilage and connected by ligaments lined with ____ membrane.

A

Synovial joint ex. ball and socket joints (hip joint)

33
Q

What are ligaments?

A
  • White, shiny, flexible, fibrous tissue
  • supports skeletal system
  • bind joints together and connect bones and cartilage
  • are elastic and aid joint flexibility and support
  • provide protection
34
Q

What are tendons?

A
  • White, glistening, fibours tisse that connects muscle to bone.
  • strong, flexible, inelastic
    ex. achilles tendon (from calf to back of foot)
35
Q

What are cartilages?

A
  • non vascular
  • shock absorber
  • “firm plastic”
    ex. in tracea, nose, ear
36
Q

What are skeletal muscles?

A

Fibres that contract when stimulated by an electrochemical impulse from nerve to muscle

37
Q

How does movement occur in terms of skeletal muscles ?

A

Through contraction of muscles

38
Q

Name the 3 muscle groups that maintain posture and initiate movement:

A

Antagonistic muscles
Synergistic muscles
Antigravity muscles

39
Q

What type of muscles refer to movement at the joint?

A

Antagonistic muscles. ex bending your arm

40
Q

What type of muscles refer to 2 or muscles contracting to accomplish the same movement as antagonistic muscles?

A

Synergistic muscles ex. flexing your arm (straightening it out)

41
Q

What type of muscles are defined to work by stabilizing joints? Oppose effects of gravity and allow person to sit upright or sitting position

A

Antigravity muscles ex. gluteus maximus, muscles of the back

42
Q

Which system are movement and posture regulated by?

A

Nervous system - precentral gyrus in the cerebral cortex

43
Q

Movement, Posture, and Balance are controlled by which body system? How?

A

Nervous system - neutransmitters and propioceptors

44
Q

What is the difference between neutrotransmitters and proprioceptors?

A

Neurotransmitters - help transmit impulse from nervous system to muscle

Proprioceptors - aid in awareness of the position of body and its part (i.e proprioceptors below ouw feet)

45
Q

What specific part of the nervous system is balance controlled by?

A

Cerebullum and inner ear

46
Q

In order to maintain _____ propriceptors and balance is required

A

posture

47
Q

What are congenital abnormalities? How does it affect an individual?

A

Congenital abnormalities - inherited disorder that affects musculoskeletal alignment, balance and appearance.

ex. osteogenesis imperfecta ( short, porous, bowed, and deformed bones)
ex. scoliosis (structural curvature of the spine which leads to muscle, ligament and soft tissues becoming short which impacts balance and mobility)

48
Q

What are some disorders of the bones, joints and muscles that impact mobility and balance?

A

Osteoporosis (mainly in elders) - reducton of bone mass or density.

Inflammatory (inflammation or destruction of synovial membrane and articular cartilage. ex arthritis) and noninflammatory joint diseases (no pathology)

Articular disruption (can happen from wear and tear or dislocation etc)

49
Q

How does damage to the central nervous system or disorders of central nervous system impact mobility and balance?

A

Trauma - Voluntary movement is impacted depending on the area of injury (ex. head injury to motor strip or back injury to spine)

Degenerative disease - Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis both affect individuals control of movement and balance

50
Q

Give examples of musculoskeletal trauma?

A

Bruises, contusions, sprains and fractures.

51
Q

What chronic diseases can impact activity tolerance?

A

Coronary heart disease and heart failure alter tissue perfusion and hence activity tolerance.

Lung diseases such as asthma and COPD impair gas exchange.

DM, renal impairment, cancers all impact activity tolerance.

52
Q

Which body systems are at a high risk from deconditioning?

A

Respiratory - decreased lung expansion, impaired gas exchange

Circulatory - venous pooling, decreased cardiac output

Integumentary - decreased delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, ishemia, shearing of skin, inflammation over bony prominences

Muscoskeletal - reduced muscle mass and strength, impaired joint mobility, decreased endurance

GI - decreased peristalsis, fluid intake, appetite

53
Q

What safety guidelines should be used in nursing when transferring a pt?

A
  • review transfer steps
  • prior to transferring do a functional assessment
  • determine amount/type of assistance required
  • raise bed rails
  • arrange equipment in a way so it does not interfere
  • evaluate pt correct body alignment
  • ensure pt understands how equipment is usedkok
  • educate pt on how equipment functions to reduce anxiety
54
Q

How do development changes in infancy/school age influence activity and exercise?

A

Infants lack spine curve. As growth and stability increases thoracic spine straightens and lumbar curve appears along toddlers to control balance and crawl/walk.

55
Q

How do development changes in adolescence influence activity and exercise?

A

Growth is sporadic and uneven making adolescents appear awkward and uncordinated. Girls develop earlier than boys.

56
Q

How do development changes in young to middle adulthood influence activity and exercise?

A

Development changes mainly occur in pregnant women in adulthood. It changes their body alignment and posture. Their centre of gravity shifts anteriorly causing them to lean backwards which causes back pain.

57
Q

How do development changes in old persons influence activity and exercise?

A

There is a progresive loss of bone mass which results in decreased physical activity, hormonal changes and increased osteoclastic activity (activity by cells responsible for tissue absorption)

Vetebrae becomes softer causing kyphosis. Long shaft bones become less resistant to bending.

Muscle fibres shrink which result in reduced tone and contratility

Strength and endurance decreases

Fatigue increases

Older persons tend to walk with feet closer together which decreases their base of support, thus their body looks/becomes unstable of balance.

58
Q

What behavioural aspects influence activity and exercise in patients?

A
  • suport by significant others, health care team
  • knowledge of exercise and activity
  • barriers to a program of exercise
  • current exercise habits
  • readiness to change behaviour
  • program customized to meet personalized needs
59
Q

What environmental factors influence activity and exercise?

A
  • Worksites
  • schools
  • community
60
Q

What psychological factors influence activity and exercise?

A
  • cultural and ethnic influences (what they see as appropriate, enjoyable, and beneficial?)
  • family support (by providing encouragement, praise, and transportation (supporting kids)
  • social support (“buddy system”)
61
Q

Body alignment assessment of a patient who is standing should be as the following:

A
  • head is erect and midline
  • body parts are symmetrical
  • spine is straight with normal curvatures (C spine concave, T spine convex, lumbar concave)
  • abdomen comfortably tucked
  • knees in a straight line between the hip and ankles and slightly flexed
  • feet flat and pointing forward and slightly apartto maintain a wide base of suport.
  • arms hang comfortably at the sides
62
Q

What are the 4 components of assessment of mobility?

A

ROM, gait, exercise, and activity tolerance

63
Q

What does assessing ROM allow a nurse to determine in his/her pt?

A

Determine degree of damage or injury to a joint.

Enable the nurse to answer questions about joint stiffness, swelling, pain, limitation of movement, and unequal movement that could be indicative of inflammation such as arthritis, fluid in the joint, altered nerve supply, or contractures.

64
Q

What does increased mobility ( beyond normal ROM) indicate?

A

Connective tissue disorders, ligament tears, or possible joint fractures.

65
Q

What does an assessment of gait allow a nurse to determine?

A

Draw conclusions about balance, posture, and ability to walk without assistance.

66
Q

What are some descriptive names for gaits?

A

Limping, propulsive, scissors, spastic, steppage, and waddling

67
Q

How therapeutic effects does regular exercise and activity have on an individual?

A
  • conditions the body
  • improves health
  • maintain fitness
  • provide therapy to correct a deformity or restore the overall body to a maximal state of health
68
Q

Explain the FITT principl when assesing exercise in pts?

A

Frequency – How often you exercise
Intensity – the amount of effort or work that must be invested in a specific workout
Time – how long each individual session should last
Type – what type of exercise will you be doing? Cardiovascular, resistance training or a combo? What specific exercises will you perform?

69
Q

What are some physical actions performed by nurses in the job for which they must be fit to practice?

A

heavy lifting

  • on feet X 12 hrs
  • squatting
  • shift work
  • pushing
  • pulling
  • twisting
  • reaching
  • bending
  • running

N101 (4 decks)

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