Week 11: Culture (Part 1)

Question 1

What term defines shared patterns of learned values and behaviors that are transmitted over time and that distinguish the members of one group from another?

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

What does culture include itself?

Answer 2

Language
Ethnicity
Spiritual and religious beliefs
Socioeconomic class
Gender
Sexual Orientation
Age
Group history
Geographic Origin
Education
Childhood/life experiences

Question 3

What are some exemplars indicating that we are born into aculture?

Answer 3

Values &Beliefs
Cultural safety.
Generational diversity
Multiculturalism
Aging culture
Stigma/stereotyping
Language barriers
Vulnerable population.

Question 4

List the key CNA position statements in respect to culture:

Answer 4

• cultural competence is an entry-to-practice level competence for registered nurses
• cultural competence is the application of knowledge, skills, attitudes or personal attitudes required by nurses to maximize respectful relationships with diverse populations of clients and co-workers.
• Underlying values for cultural competence are: inclusivity, respect, valuing differences equity and commitment.

Question 5

What are some visible components of culture?

Answer 5

Clothing
Jewelry
Charms
Hairstyle

Question 6

What are some invisible components of culture?

Answer 6

Valued belief system that drives visible practices

Question 7

Define ethnicity

Answer 7

members of a group share social and cultural heritage (e.g. values, language, physical characteristics, geographic space)

Question 8

Define Subcultures

Answer 8

Members of subcultures represent various ethnic, religious, and other groups with distinct characteristics.

A subculture is a group within a culture that differs from the general consensus. They have a unique set of beliefs and values that don’t necessarily align with the wider culture.

ex. hippies, biker gang, hip hop culture, etc

Question 9

Define cultural pluralism

Answer 9

It is a perspective that promotes respect for the right of others to have different beliefs, values, behaviours, and ways of life.

Question 10

Define cultural relativism

Answer 10

It fosters awareness and appreciation of cultural differences, rejects assumptions of superiority of one’s culture and averts ethnocentrism.

Question 11

Define enculturation

Answer 11

socialization into one’s primary culture during childhood

Question 12

Define Acculturation

Answer 12

process of adapting to and adopting aspects of a new culture

Question 13

Define Assimilation

Answer 13

Proces whereby a minority group gradually adopts the attitudes and customs of the mainstream culture.

Question 14

Define Multiculturalism

Answer 14

process where many cultures co-exist and maintain their cultural differences. Tolerance and respect.

Question 15

Define Ethnocentrism

Answer 15

tendency to view own way of life(culture) as more valuable way. Root of stereotyping, prejudice, etc.

Question 16

Define cultural imposition

Answer 16

When health care providers use their own values and beliefs as the absolute guide to interpreting patients’ behaviours and providing services. ex. pain tolerance, immunization views, “we know what’s best for you”, forcing amuslim pt to adhere his/her prayers to hospital schedule.

Question 17

Define stereotypes:

Answer 17

generalizations about a particular group.

Question 18

Define discrimination:

Answer 18

When one acts on his or her prejudices, discrimination occurs.

Question 19

Define race:

Answer 19

common biological attributes shared by a group e.g. skin colour

Question 20

Define racism:

Answer 20

relates to the belief that some races are superior and others inferior. The significance is power. One race holds the power in government, etc. Only those who possess the power can discriminate/oppress and practice racism, even though all races may practice some forms of discrimination. Therefore, to be culturally competent, we must recognize and be aware of race to acknowledge the oppressive and discriminatory processes. We cannot be colour blind. Must be aware of the power inequality and privilege that comes with race.

Question 21

Define systemic racism:

Answer 21

Also known as structural or institutional racism, systemic racism is enacted through societal systems, structures and institutions in the form of “requirements, conditions, practices, policies or processes that maintain and reproduce avoidable and unfair inequalities across ethnic/racial groups”

Question 22

What is ethoncentrism?

Answer 22

Tendency to view one’s own way of life as more valuable than others’.

Question 23

What is the root of stereotypes, biases, prejudices, discrimination microaggressions?

Answer 23

Ethocentrism

Question 24

Explain overt, institutional, and systemic racism:

Answer 24

Overt (individual)- Includes any subtle speech or behaviors that demonstrate a conscious acknowledgement of racist attitudes and beliefs.

Institutional (society)- form of racism that is embedded as normal practice within society or an organization such as systematic distribution of resources, power and opportunity in our society to the benefit of people who are white or of any higher class.

Systemic (society)- Same as institutional racism which includes the policies and practices entrenched in established institutions, which result in the exclusion or promotion of designated groups

Question 25

Define culturally congruent care:

Answer 25

Care that is meningful, supportive, and facilitative because it conforms to valued life patterns of patients. It is achieved through cultural assessment.

Question 26

Define culturally competent care:

Answer 26

Care that requires knowledge, attitudes, and skills supportive of implementation of culturally congruent care.

Question 27

What term refers to a comparative study and understanding of cultures to identify culture-specific and culture-universal caring constructs across ethnic groups?

Answer 27

Transcultural nursing

Question 28

This involves challenging stereotypes and assumptions to inquire into providing care to patients as defined by them?

Answer 28

Cultural safety

Question 29

This is a process that requires persons to acknowledge their own biases when engaging with others, which then provides a place to begin a relationship in an open and honest space.

Answer 29

Cultural humility

Question 30

Who is Leininger?

Answer 30

Founding researcher of transcultural nursing

Question 31

What is cultural awareness?

Answer 31

• begining step towards understanding that there is a difference
• more so about formal rituals and practicesrather han emotional, social, economic, and political context

Question 32

This is a life long process (because culture is fluid) and requires awareness, knowledge, skills, encounters, and desire:

Answer 32

Cultural competency

Question 33

What is cultural sensitivity?

Answer 33

nurse is sensitive to the difference he/she is aware of. Does not require any kind of action. Early in the continuum.

Question 34

Define cultural safety and humility:

Answer 34

both a process and an outcome. Client determines if they feel safe with care received, trust has been established, differences can be negotiated. E.g. smudging; drum at birth. Highest level of cultural care

Question 35

Why is cultural safety important?

Answer 35

• improve access for pts/populations to health care
• acknowledge we are all bearersto culture
• expose social, political, and historical contents of health care
• enable practitioners to consider difficult concepts such as racism, discrimination and prejudice
• acknowledge it is determined by those being taken care of
• encounter limitations of “culture” and navigation in health care system
• challenge unequal power relations

Question 36

The first nations, Metis, and Inuit are part of what larger group? (this name should be used instead of aboriginal people)

Answer 36

Indigenous

Question 37

What is cultural assessment and its purpose?

Answer 37

Its a systematic and comprehensive examination of the cultural care values, beliefs, and practices of individuals, families, and communities.

It allows nurses to gather information that will enable the nurse to provide culturally safe care

Question 38

What key components should be covered in a cultural assessment (this does not include all but a basic list)?

Answer 38

• ethnohistory
• social organization
• socioeconomic status, bio cultural ecology and health risks
• language and communication
• religion and spirituality
• careing beliefs and practices
• experience with professional health care

Question 39

What is transcultural nursisng?

Answer 39

comparitive study of cultures, an understanding of similarities (culture universal) and differences (culture specific) across human groups in order to provide meaningful and beneficial delivery of health care.