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Pt.2 PHRM/PHYS/NS > Week 12 - Cancer > Flashcards

Week 12 - Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what are the cell functions

A

creating fuel for the body
manufacturing proteins
transporting materials
disposing of wastes
cellular growth and reproduction

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2
Q

what is this describing : occurs when a cell enters the cell cycle & new cells gets created when old cell died

A

profileration

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3
Q

what does rate of proliferation equal to ?

A

rate of degeneration

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4
Q

true or false. normal cells divide to develop normal issues or to replace lost/damaged normal tissues.

A

true

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5
Q

normal cell proliferation is also controlled through a mechanism termed what ?

A

contact inhibition

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6
Q

true or false. normal cells respect the boundaries of surrounding cells.

Now based on if its true or false, explain what it contributes

A

true

GROWTH IS THUS inhibited through physical contact with surrounding membranes

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7
Q

true or false. cancer lack control when utilizing proliferation controls ?

A

true

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8
Q

does cancer divide quickly because they lack of proliferation control ?

A

no , they do not have these traffic light built in they do not know when to stop ) they are not responsive, but that doesn’t necessarily mean they are going to divide quicker

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9
Q

how is cellular replication activated ?

provide an example :

A

they are activated by the presence of the cells proliferation or death ( based on physiological need )

example : if we have infection our body tells us send signals ( wbc ) or fight off infections

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10
Q

how do cells know when to stop or accelerate down the replication ?

A

within our bodies, we have intracellular signals ( ur body will tell you more cells if needed or stop making cells )
for example : if u have a wound , could replicate proliferate ( send signals to divide in order to heal)

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11
Q

true or false. the difference between normal cells and cancer cells. is within cancer cells they are uncontrolled & continue to invade –> they have no red signals to stop

normal cells have signals.

A

true

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12
Q

true or false. telemerase is seen commonly in normal cells, and this is rare for cancer cells

A

false, other way around boombooclaaaat.

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13
Q

what is telemerase?

A

permits endless division by perserving telemerase which is the DNA protein caps

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14
Q

name what telemerase contributes to cancer cells

A

in cancer cell:
because they have telemerase it continuously adds back to the length- allows cancer cells to divide indefinitely

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15
Q

true or false. cancer cells undergoes endless division so they never stop dividing this is why they invade.

A

true

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16
Q

recall that telemerase is very rare in normal cells. Explain how this would act in a normal cell

A

normally as cells divides and differentiates the telemerase will become progressively shorter and when telemerase loose a proportion of their length the cell will no longer be able to divide and that process stops ( this is what happens in normal cell )

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17
Q

what are the cell growth regulators

A

proto oncogenes ( promote growth )

tumor suppressor genes : suppress growth

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18
Q

what are the two genes important for profileration ?

A

proton oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes

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19
Q

what can proto-oncogenes ( promote growth ) become as due to mutation ?

A

oncogenes - they are independent of normal regulatory mechanisms which leads to uncontrolled out growth

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20
Q

true or false. when proto oncogenes become oncogenes, they do not respond to that red signal ( these are signals that tells them to stop and often leads to hyperactive filtration ).

A

true

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21
Q

proto oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes ( mutations within these genes could occur and change them from normal ). Is this true or false?

A

yes this is true

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22
Q

what happens to tumor suppressor genes when they become mutated ?

A

when these are mutated they become inactivated which are useless ( they are no longer able to suppress tumour growth )

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23
Q

give the summary for cell growth regulators. ( wha is the cancer cells closely related to ? )

A

the abnormal behaviour of cancer cells is closely related to the fact they have alterations in their dna, which makes cancer cells different from normal cells

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24
Q

re: call : the abnormal behaviour of cancer cells is closely related to the fact they have alterations in their dna, which makes cancer cells different from normal cells , what is this related to ?

A

all related to carcinogens viruses

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25
Q

what is the term ‘differentiation’

A

cells acquire functions that are different from those of the original cell from which they came. this is normally an orderly and stable process

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26
Q

name the process of differentiation

A

process where younger cells evolves to immature cells and mature to take on the characteristics and reach their mature specialized form

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27
Q

re: call the process of differentiation :
recall : Process where younger cells evolves to immature cells and matures to take on the characteristics
and reach their mature specialized form

what will happen eventually ?

A

eventually stem cells will differiante and they’ll only be able to do specific functions
for example : when cell becomes neuron in the brain, osteocytes will become bone cells , myocytes in the heart, hepatocytes in the liver

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28
Q

when cell becomes neuron in the brain, osteocytes will become bone cells , myocytes in the heart, hepatocytes in the liver

all these cells will specialized but they all start from the same place and that is from where ?

A

stem cell

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29
Q

development of cancer : what are the 3 different stages ?

A

initiation
promotion
progression

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30
Q

what can development of cancer refer to ?

A

carcinogenesis

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31
Q

give a brief description of what initiation mean ?

A

there’s a dysfunction in the way the cells are going to proliferate and divide.

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32
Q

what is this describing : mutation in cell’s genetic structure

A

initiation stage

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33
Q

true or false. exposure to carcinogens, an inherited mutation, can occur during initiation phase.

A

true

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34
Q

which stage would we seen this : can occur from exposure to carnogens, an inherited mutation, or error.

A

initation

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35
Q

what can occur during initiation stage ?

A

can occur from exposure to carcinogens, an inherited mutation, or an error

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36
Q

initiation stage :
when a mutation occurs, the cell can what ?

A

die, repair itself, or replicate-> genetic mutation is passed on to daughter cells

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37
Q

what are the prevention key during initation stage ?

A

sunscreen, avoiding in contact or being around cytotoxic, wearing gloves when handling cytotoxic medications

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38
Q

true or false. carcinogens can be chemical, radioactive, or viral ( virus ).

A

true

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39
Q

name some examples of carcinogens ( examples she set in the vid )

A

nickel, asbestos, radon, tobacco, process meats, uv rays , radiation, alcohol ( these are known as cancer agents )

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40
Q

what is a brief description of promotion stage ?

A

proliferation of altered cells

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41
Q

true or false amongst the characteristics of promotion stage : cancer is more likely to develop in the presence of ‘ promoting factors ‘

A

yes this is true

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42
Q

what are the promoting factors include in the promotion stage ? ( recall that these stages help develop cancer )

A

promoting factors include obesity, dietary fat, cigarette smoking, and alcohol

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43
Q

true or false. for cancer to become clinically evident, cells must become a mass ?

additional question : what stage does this fall under ?

A

true, this falls under promotion stage.

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44
Q

recall that promoting factors help develop cancer. How would you explain someone who has a sedentary lifestyle, how would this be a ‘promoting factor’ to development of cancer.

A

sedentary lifestyle ( they do not create cancer on their own ) but when there is a carcinogen and initiation has happened, these promoting factors create an environment that will facilitate the growth of the tumor.

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45
Q

explain how cigarette smoking would be a promoting factor in the promotions stage.

A

normal cell has been initiated by a carcinogen, and has become a cancer cell.
this can become a tumour, if it’s growth is enhanced.( this is a reversible process ) at this stage we need to consider these promoting factors.

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46
Q

what is another word for progressions stage?
name the characteristics that undergoes this

A

( metastasis )
increased growth rate of tumour
increased spread and invasion to other sites

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47
Q

define a more broad explanation of what progressions stage is in terms of helping cancer development.

A

this is where we have already a big mass of abnormal cells that are now developing their own blood supply
they have the ability to infiltrate the blood,
the hematological system, lymphatic system, and travel to other sites.

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48
Q

true or false. The progression stage have symptoms of cancers?

A

yes this is true

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49
Q

define what benign tumours are ?

A

grow slowly, are well differentiated, and do not spread to other locations

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50
Q

define what malignant tumours are ?

A

grow more rapidly and are poorly differentiated. they invade blood vessels and the lymphathic system –> leading to distant metastases

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51
Q

what is this describing : they have characteristics of normal cells however they are just growing in the wrong places.

A

benign tumours

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52
Q

what are examples of benign

A

moles, uterine fibroids, or nasal polyps

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53
Q

true or false. benign tumour can still be a problem?

A

yes this is true

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54
Q

how can benign tumour be bad ?

A

surrounding structures become altered. the tumor, still compressed nerves and blood vessels.

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55
Q

name an example of benign tumour

A

brain tumour, so this is small tumour growing within the brain, although its not rapid ( the way it spreads or divide ) it can still causes an increased intracranial pressure, leading to seizures and other neurological symptoms.

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56
Q

what is this describing : invade throughout the body and the lymphatic system — where the problem gets out of control in terms of staging

A

malignant tumours

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57
Q

what are the main sites of metastasis

A

brain and cerebrospinal fluid
lung
liver
adrenals
bone

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58
Q

true or false. most common places cancer spreads to travels through our blood system and lymphatic system.

A

true

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59
Q

fill in the blank : even though the cancer is now in another organ it is still classified as a cancer from the __________ altered tissue

A

original altered tissue

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60
Q

recall : that even though the cancer is now in another organ it is still classified as a cancer from the original altered tissue

name an example of this :

A

is breast cancer has now spread to the lung and the bone ( it is still classified as breast cancer )
not lung cancer or bone cancer
it is still breast cancer that has metasized

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61
Q

classification of cancer :
classified according to : what are the three categories

A

anatomical site
histological analysis ( grading )
extent of disease ( staging )

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62
Q

what does anatomical site refer to, in terms of classification of cancer

A

refers to the origin of the tumor ( this tells us about the tissue where it first started )

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63
Q

what does histological analysis ( grading ) refer to ?

A

refers to the appearance of the cells and how differianted

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64
Q

true or false. cancer can be solid or hematologic with solid tumour originating from tissues for ex : breast cancer or lung cancer (leukemia or lymphoma)

A

true

65
Q

true or false. the more differianted they are the better off they are. ( the more benign the tumour )

A

true

66
Q

true or false. if the cells are poorly differiated ( they are considered higher grade and aggressive form of cancer )

A

true

67
Q

what does TNM stand for ?

A

T - tumour size
N - degree of regional spread to be the lymph nodes
M - metastasis

67
Q

classification of cancer could be helpful how ?

A

helpful to provide method ( gives us an idea of prognosis, and treatment options )

68
Q

true or false. TNM varies based on different type of cancer

A

true

69
Q

what is important when looking at prognosis, and how to guide the treatment.

A

extent of disease ( staging )

70
Q

define what stage 1and 2
and define stage 3 and 4 ?

A

1 and 2 usually localize
3 and 4 usually difficult to control

3 to 4 ( poor prognosis )

71
Q

not a question this is just a statement to understand : another way to think abt it, how close are they to the tissue they came from: if its poorly differianted that mean
it doesnt resembles that tissue at all, and this sample is done by taking a sample biopsy which can be very invasive for the pt
and then look at the cells under microscopic and see how different they are

A

like J said TYPEEE SHIIIIIIIIIII

72
Q

TNM classification :
what does it stands for ?

A

T - tumor size
N - degree of regional spread to the lymph nodes
M - metastasis

73
Q

local effects : tumors what are the symptoms ?

A

occlusion
ulceration
pain
infarction

74
Q

tumours could be malignant tumour but it could also be benign tumour. true or false?

A

true

75
Q

could clinical manifestations be broken down to local and systemic in terms of tumours ?

A

yes this is true.

76
Q

what could happen when u have a tumour, when utilizing local effects of tumors

A

could blow up passage ways ( cancer can cause bowel obstruction or lung cancer could affect airway esophageal )

77
Q

true or false. as tumour grow and invade other tissues - they can cause alot of ulceration and bleeding

A

true

78
Q

what is the common symptom of tumours ?

A

pain- bone pain is unique

79
Q

Local effects : tumours
identify what infraction is in terms of this

A

as the cancer grows, it can start to create its own blood supply, but it could also robbed the blood supply in nutrients of the surrounding cells.

80
Q

true or false. we have infarction. As the cancer grows, it can start to create its
own blood supply, but it could also robbed the blood supply in nutrients of the surrounding cells. So it can cause or prevent blood flow by compressing on blood vessels leading to ischemia and necrosis.

A

true

81
Q

systemic effects : tumors: what are the general systemic effects?

A

weight loss
bleeding
anemia
infection

82
Q

systemic effects : tumors :
what undergoes weight loss

A

tissue wasting - cachexia ( many factors =

83
Q

many factors - Tumours are taking up a lot of nutrients and even though we’re still supply nutrients to the body, what is the tumour doing in the body ?

A

the tumor is robbing all of those nutrients there, robbing the blood supply oxygen away from other cells. They’re putting the body into this hypermetabolic state. In turn, as the body tries to fight off the cancer, the body is burning more calories just naturally by trying to fire up the abused response.

84
Q

what is the term called when ur body is trying to fight off the cancer ?

A

So as your body tries to fight off the cancer, as I mentioned, the metabolizable increased and it puts your body also into a state of cannibalism. - protein and fats being broken down for energy

85
Q

what type of cancer can lead to anemia ?

A

colon cancer

86
Q

recall : as as the cancer invades the hematopoietic system and infiltrates the bold bear
with the lymphatic system that it will start to affect the production of platelets
that can contribute to bleeding as well. Then anemia = explain this further

A

We see this also due to the
reduced reduction of red blood cells and secondary anemia, patients can feel
fatigue, shortness of breath. They may be experiencing tachycardia as their body is
trying to compensate for the lack of oxygen being distributed throughout their body
with low hemoglobin.

87
Q

why does infection occur during systemic effects : tumour

A

this comes as a result of the
effects of the bone marrow. And this could be if the cancer originates there or if
it has invaded there from metastasis. Remember that the bone marrow, this is where
all of our blood cells are formed and would tumor cells interrupt this durable process, We see a reduced production and function of white blood cells and enterthis makes the patient more susceptible to infection.

88
Q

why is pain occuring when a pt has cancer ?

A

pain from cancer is usually caused from a tumor pressing on the nerves or the bones and organs.

89
Q

true or false. due to pain : there is a lot of inflammation and pressure associated with tumours as they grow and invade other areas.

A

true

90
Q

read this : do not answer just read. Pain from cancer is usually caused from a tumor pressing on the nerves or the bones and organs. Think about this from a structural perspective. There is a lot of inflammation and pressure associated with tumors as they grow and invade
other areas. So they’ll press on nerves up the spine, which can cause a lot of back pain or symptoms like paresthesias.

A

TYYYYPEEEEE SHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

91
Q

true or false. there is little to no pain during the early stages of cancer.

A

true

92
Q

what is pain caused by ( when we are talking abt cancer )

A

caused by direct pressure, obstruction, invasion. tissue destruction, infection, and inflammation

93
Q

where can pain be located by ?

A

can be located at the primary tumour site or can be a result of distant metastasis

94
Q

what is bone metastasis associated with ?

A

++ pain

95
Q

true or false. brain tumours rarely cause headache

A

false, THEY do cause headache

96
Q

what is the most frequent reported symptom when we are utilizing cancer

A

fatigue ( mental, physical, and emotional, exhaustion )

97
Q

what is fatigue described as

A

weakness, lack of energy, depression

98
Q

true or false. fatigue exact mechanism is not well undestood.

A

truw

99
Q

fatigue is often seen as an affects of treatment such as chemo and radiation?

A

yes

100
Q

what is robbing the nutrients and leading to hypermetabolic state

A

tumour

101
Q

what is much bigger than anorexia when talking abt health problems?

A

cachexia

102
Q

aside from cancer pts, where is cachexia also seen ?

A

this is also seen in HIV/AIDS

103
Q

where is cachexia mostly common?

A

common in GI cancer

104
Q

what does cachexia include ?

A

cachexia include anorexia, wasting, altered liver, heart function, gut malabsorption

105
Q

recall that cachexia include anorexia, wasting, altered liver, heart function, gut malabsorption. what else does it include ?

A

alterations in taste, early satiety ( fullness ), and altered lipid, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism

106
Q

what is occurring in cachexia

A

significant weight loss and inflammation

107
Q

true or false. cachexia is the result of skeletal muscle and body fat loss.

A

true

108
Q

cachexia is not fully understood, but what is it related to

A

related to the amount of inflammation that’s going on as the bodies immune response is activated to try and fight off the cancer.

109
Q

recall that : cachexia is realted to the amount of inflammation that’s going on , as the bodies immune response is activated to try and fight off the cancer

in conclusion :
So our body is trying to help us, but in turn, it’s causing problems. We have these pro-inflammatory cytokines, which when they’re released, they create what’s called a _________ and in this state, our body starts breaking down _______ and ______ in an attempt to get more energy.
And the patient ends up becoming very weak and fatigued.

A

catabollic state, proteins and fats

110
Q

anemia is caused by what ?

A

chronic bleeding, malnutrition, cancer in blood forming organs

111
Q

where is anemia more common in ?

A

colorectal, genitourinary, pancreatic, gastric, and upper intestinal cancers

112
Q

what causes leukopenia ?

A

tumour invasion of bone marrow

113
Q

anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia are affects of chemo and radiation?

A

well no f in shat

114
Q

when all cell counts are low, what do we call that ?

A

we call that pancytopenia, this is commonly associated with cancer that is directly involving the bone marrow and lymphatic

115
Q

what is a big concern for pt with cancer ?

A

infection

116
Q

infection can be caused by ?

A

ulceration an obstruction

117
Q

infection affect on _____ which equals to low WBCs

A

bone marrow

118
Q

infection is affects of ?

A

surgery and chemothera[phy

119
Q

even a common cold cold become fatal when a cancer pt contracts an infection.

A

true

120
Q

when a cancer pt contracts a infection, they typically have a diminished in ability to fight off the infection. true or false?

A

well no f ing shat the wbc is low

121
Q

true or false. paraneoplastic syndrome is rare.

A

this is true

122
Q

what does paraneoplastic syndrome involve ?

A

this may involve hormones produced by the tumor or antibodies produced by the immune system

123
Q

what is paraneoplastic syndrome caused by ?

A

caused by substances that are released from the tumour or an immune response triggered by the tumour

124
Q

recall : paraneoplastic syndrome may involve hormones produced by the tumor or antibodies produced by the immune system

with a combo of a what ?

A

inflammatory response

125
Q

paraneoplastic syndrome can cause issues where ? ** hint which system/s

A

nervous system and endocrine system

126
Q

what does paraneoplastic syndromes include ?

A

include fever, high blood pressure, low blood pressure, low blood sugar

127
Q

review of hematological system : name an example and tell me where all blood cells are created.

A

example:cancer lymphoma
bone marrow is where all blood cells are created

128
Q

this is spongy tissue in the center of bones

A

bone marrow

129
Q

what does the bone marrow contain?

A

stem cells that become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets

130
Q

true or false. platelets helps with clotting ?

A

yes this is true

131
Q

how long does platelets last, rbc , and wbcs?

A

platelets - last 10 days

RBC - last 120 days

WBCS - lasts few hours to few days
noticed very early on

132
Q

review of lymphatic sys†em : what is the key function

A

protect the body against disease and infection

133
Q

tell me about b lymphocytes and t lymphocytes

A

b lymphocytes mature in Bone marrow

t lymphocytes - directly attack foreign invaders and mature in thymus

134
Q

what is included in the lymphatic system ?

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Bone Marrow
  • Tonsils
  • Liver
135
Q

where are the lymph nodes located ?

A

neck, cervical, armpits, chest, abdomen, and groin

136
Q

true or false. lymphocytes are formed in the thymus and bone marrow and this is transported all through body by oncotic pressure and lympathic system

A

wrong, its not oncotic pressure, its travelled by blood stream.

137
Q

define what lymphocytes are

A

its a whole system of vessels, nodes, and organs, that lead to all parts of the body, carrying lymph is a fluid that contains WBC, we call these lymphocytes.

138
Q

in the spleen what is occuring ?

A

macrophages, eat up dead cells and debris

139
Q

what else does lymph nodes manages ?

A

manages fluid levels in the body, bring fluid back that leaked out into the tissues.

140
Q

explain this : full swollen lymph nodes in your neck with pain. Would this be considered as a good or bad thing ?

A

this would be considered as a good thing, we have sweeling and pain of our lymph nodes, the pain is good ( it tells us that our body is doing what it’s supposed to do )

the inflammation is a normal
function of our lymphatic system, to have these inflamed lymph nodes because that
means that we’re fighting off the infection.

141
Q

what is lymphoma?

A

cancer of the lymphatic system

142
Q

when does lymphoma occur?

A

occurs when lymphocytes orginating from bone marrow and lymphatic structures

143
Q

what are the two main types of lymphoma ?

A

hodgkin’s lymphoma and non hodgkin’s lymphoma

144
Q

can lymphoma start anywhere? if so, provide examples

A

yes it can, starts where a lymph is found, tonsils, spleen, thymus

145
Q

how is hodgkin’s lymphoma characterized ?

A

characterized by proliferation of abnormal cells called reed- sternberg cells located in lymph nodes

146
Q

hodgkin’s lymphoma is rare. true or false, and the rate of ppl who recovers are small.

A

although it is rare, its false since 80% of pts acc will be cured.

147
Q

where is hodgkin’s lymphoma more common? and typically what age do this occur ?

A

common in men
Ages 15-30 years old and > 55 years old ( typically occurs in young ppl)

148
Q

what are the risk factors for Hodgkin’s
Lymphoma

A

Risk factors include
Epstein-Barr Virus
occupational toxins
and genetic predisposition
HIV

149
Q

where does hodgkin’s lymphoma often orginate?

A

Often originates in the cervical nodes, but can also begin in axillary or inguinal regions

150
Q

what is the biggest way to differentiate hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

reed Sternberg cells

151
Q

what are the clini mani of hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

weight loss, fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, non painful nodes

152
Q

( non painful lymph nodes ) enlarged lymph nodes without signs that bodys immune system is in overdue. true or false

A

true

153
Q

non hodgkin’s lymphoma is considered the most ocmmon form of lymphoma

typically which age does this target? and which gender is this more common..

A

> 60 years old ( typically older ppl )
more common in men than women

154
Q

what is the cause of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and what are the risk factors?

A
  • Unknown cause, some risk factors include genetics, exposure to toxins, and immunosuppressants or chemotherapy
155
Q

true or false. non hodgkin’s lymphoma pts usually have widespread disease before it is diagnosed?

A

yes this si true

156
Q

what are the clini mani of non hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • Fever, weight loss, night sweats, frequent infections, fatigue
  • Painless lymph node enlargement in neck, underarms, groin
157
Q

pts usually have widespread disease it is diagnosed, ( non hodgkin’s lymphoma ) why is that?

A

due to vague symptoms

Pt.2 PHRM/PHYS/NS (14 decks)

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