Week 12 Flashcards
parent-child relationships, sibling and peer relationships
Authoritative parenting
- high in warmth and control
- provides routine and structure
- flexible and open to negotiate rules
most effective from Western perspective!
Outcome for children of authoritative parents
- higher academic achievement
- cooperative and easily gets along with others
- goes to parents for help
Authoritarian parents
- low warmth but high control
- doesn’t explain rules and consequences
- expect blind obedience and not open to negotiation
Outcomes for children of Authoritarian parents
- lower academic achievement
- less self-reliant
- bad at conflict resolution
Permissive/indulgent parenting
- high warmth but low control
- no boundaries and expectations
Outcomes for children of permissive parents
- spoiled
- lower academic achievement
- less socially responsible
- lack impulse control and self-regulation
Uninvolved/indifferent parenting
- low warmth and control
- parents typically use drugs and alcohol, or are very wealthy
Outcomes for children of uninvolved parents
- behavioral, social, emotional, health problems
- peer rejection
- lower academic performance
- early sexual activity, drug and alcohol use, adult criminal behavior
Cultural differences in parenting
- western: individualistic approach, cultivating independence
- eastern: instill selflessness and encourage interdependence
- indigenous: community/group parenting; “takes a village to raise a child”
Social class differences in parenting
North America
- middle and upper classes: concerted cultivation, the deliberate effort to cultivate children’s skills and abilities (e.g. classes, summer camps)
- working and under classes (poverty): accomplishment of natural growth where children naturally grow into what they excel in
Pros and cons of concerted cultivation
- pros: successful in career and financially, likely to remain middle and upper class
- cons: report high stress and overload, less creativity and easily bored, less connection with extended family
Discipline
variety of methods used to socialize children
Inductive discipline
most effective!
based on reasoning and guidance
* parents model effective conflict resolution
* focuses on behavior, not child’s characteristics
* helps children internalize rules and standards, encouraging impulse control and prosocial behavior
Cooperative vs parallel parenting
- co-parenting in the same way
- conflicting parenting styles
Ineffective methods of discipline
- inconsistent discipline (from one parent or between parents)
- spanking and other power assertions (common in authoritarian parents, especially mothers)
Effects of physical discipline
- teaches child that physical violence solves problems, inhibiting prosocial behavior
- teaches children to fear parents, damaging parent-child relationship
- greater anxiety, depression, aggression
- lower self-esteem
- significantly worse with age (over 4/5 years)
- common in toddlers, boys, kids with behavior problems (e.g. ADD, ADHD)
Parental contributions in sibling relationships
positive vs negative
- positive: forming secure attachment, model healthy relationships with own siblings, facilitate conflict resolution
- negative: fighting with own siblings, authoritarian, favoring one child
2 kinds of childhood play
- rough-and-tumble play (e.g. running, climbing, chasing, jumping, play fighting)
- sociodramatic play (e.g. taking on roles and acting out stories and themes)
varies by culture (e.g. focus on group goals in collectivistic cultures)
Physical and socioemotional benefits of childhood play
- better understanding of emotion and perspective-taking
- self-regulation
- arousal management
