Week 1.2

Question 1

Chordata

Answer 1

vertebrata, cephalochordata, Urochordata

Question 2

what did early animals have in common

Answer 2

common cleavage patterns after fertilization

Question 3

gastrulation

Answer 3

complex cellular reorganizations

Question 4

what organism adds the mesoderm

Answer 4

tripoblasts

Question 5

ectoderm

Answer 5

outermost germ layer

Question 6

what does the ectoderm become

Answer 6

superficial layers of the skin, nervous system and most sense organs

Question 7

endoderm

Answer 7

innermost layer, majority of digestive tract lining, lining of digestive gland, respiratory surfaces

Question 8

mesoderm

Answer 8

middle layer

Question 9

what does the mesoderm become

Answer 9

notochord, muscle, bone circulatory and urogenital systems

Question 10

regionalization of mesoderm

Answer 10

medial to lateral

Question 11

paraxial segments into

Answer 11

somites

Question 12

what does the paraxial region segmentalize into

Answer 12

bones and muscles of trunk

Question 13

intermediate regions of mesoderm

Answer 13

kidneys, collecting systems, gonads, accessory genital organs

Question 14

lateral plate dorsal aspect

Answer 14

limbs

Question 15

lateral plate ventral

Answer 15

viscera

Question 16

coelom

Answer 16

internal body cavity

Question 17

how is coelom formed

Answer 17

splitting of mesoderm

Question 18

external symmetry

Answer 18

generally bilateral on external viewing

Question 19

how do internal organs have assymetry

Answer 19

paracrine and autocrine signaling

Question 20

cells on left side secrete

Answer 20

nodal protein

Question 21

how is nodal protein secreted

Answer 21

paracrine and autocrine signaling

Question 22

Pitx2

Answer 22

gene regulation factor used to keep signals divided

Question 23

what about the deuterostome is the commonality

Answer 23

timing of mouth formation relative to gastrulation

Question 24

first opening is

Answer 24

anus

Question 25

second opening is

Answer 25

mouth

Question 26

invertebrate cellular differentiation

Answer 26

predetermined

Question 27

vertebrate differentiation

Answer 27

induction

Question 28

autonomous specification

Answer 28

mosaic development
protostome
most inverts

Question 29

cell fate in nonverts

Answer 29

predetermined

Question 30

factors in nonverts are localized to

Answer 30

oovum

Question 31

defining characteristics of chordates

Answer 31

endostyle
pharyngeal gills
post anal tail
notochord
dorsal hollow nerve tube

Question 32

urochordates

Answer 32

uro–tail
free swimmers as larva sessile as adults

Question 33

are urochordates ancient or derived

Answer 33

more derived

Question 34

cephalochordates

Answer 34

more developed cranial area

Question 35

what do cephalochordates have

Answer 35

myomeres

Question 36

cephalochordate notochord

Answer 36

extends all the way to the head

Question 37

cephalochordates have an external coelom

Answer 37

called the atrium

Question 38

cephalochordates circulatory system

Answer 38

dorsal aorta
ventral pumping structure
pharyngeal vessels
specialized excretory cells called podocytes

Question 39

where do humans have podocytes

Answer 39

kidneys

Question 40

adult cephalochordates

Answer 40

visibly resemble vertebrates more closely

Question 41

urochordates

Answer 41

more similar to vertebrates on molecular level

Question 42

Hox genes

Answer 42

defines placement and morphology of region

Question 43

body size: vertebrates are

Answer 43

larger than nonverts