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Biology 1110 > Week 11 notes > Flashcards

Week 11 notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of excretory systems?

A
  1. maintaining solute ion concentration
  2. maintaining water balance
  3. removal of toxic wastes.
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2
Q

What are the 3 main excretory products in plants?

A

1.oxygen
2. water
3. ammonia.

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3
Q

What are the 3 main excretory wastes in animals?

A
  1. carbon dioxide
  2. nitrogenous wastes
  3. water
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4
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is:
1. The movement of water through a
2. selectively permeable membrane
3. from LOW solute concentration to HIGH solute concentration
4. and does not require energy.

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5
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The tendency of water to move by osmosis into a solution,

  • The greater the difference in concentrations, the greater the osmotic pressure.
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6
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

An isotonic solution contains the same concentration of solute outside of the cell as in cytoplasm of the cell.

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7
Q

What is a HYPOtonic solution?

A

A HYPOtonic solution contains a lower concentration of solute outside of the cell compared to the cytoplasm of the cell.

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8
Q

What is a HYPERtonic solution?

A

A HYPERtonic solution contains a higher concentration of solute outside of the cell compared to the cytoplasm of the cell.

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9
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining an appropriate balance of:
1. water
2. salts
3. ions
in the body fluids.

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10
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of waste substances from the body and may involve the removal of water and salts.

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11
Q

What organs are involved with osmoregulation?

A

Excretory organs are often involved with osmoregulation

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12
Q

What is homeostatic balance maintained by?

A

Homeostatic balance is maintained by osmoregulation.

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13
Q

What are the splits of water loss in terrestrial animals?

A
  1. the urinary system (50%)
  2. perspiration (30%)
  3. respiratory system (15%)
  4. digestive system (5%).
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14
Q

How do mammals replace their water?

A

Water replacement in mammals may occur through food and drinks (90%) and metabolism (10%).

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15
Q

Compare ammonia, urea, and uric acid as nitrogenous waste products in animals.

A

-Ammonia: high toxicity, high solubility
-Urea: medium toxicity, medium solubility
-Uric acid: low toxicity, low solubility

  1. Ammonia
    - commonly found in aquatic habitats
    -originates from the breakdown of proteins
    - is highly toxic
    - soluble in water.
  2. Urea
    - found in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats
    - originates from the synthesis of CO2 and NH3
    - has medium toxicity
    - fairly soluble in water.
  3. Uric acid
    - found in terrestrial habitats
    - originates from the synthesis of CO2, NH3, and other molecules
    - has low toxicity
    - poor solubility in water.
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16
Q

what are the characteristics of Ammonia?

A
  1. commonly found in aquatic habitats
  2. originates from the breakdown of proteins
  3. is highly toxic
  4. soluble in water.
17
Q

What are the characteristics of urea?

A
  1. found in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats
  2. originates from the synthesis of CO2 and NH3
  3. has medium toxicity
  4. fairly soluble in water.
18
Q

What are the characteristics of uric acid?

A
  1. found in terrestrial habitats
  2. originates from the synthesis of CO2, NH3, and other molecules
  3. has low toxicity
  4. poor solubility in water.
19
Q

What animals use urea?

A

Fish and mammals use urea because it is less toxic and more soluble than ammonia.

20
Q

What animals use uric acid?

A

Insects and birds use uric acid because it is even less toxic and less soluble than urea.

21
Q

What animals use ammonia?

A

Aquatic invertebrates use ammonia because it is very soluble in water.

22
Q

Compare excretory process of fresh water vs salt water unicellular organisms

A

-Unicellular organisms in fresh water use diffusion and need a contractile vacuole.

-Unicellular organisms in salt water use diffusion and don’t need to excrete water.

23
Q

What is the excretory system of planarians?

A

Planarians have an excretory system composed of canals with flame cells to regulate water content.

24
Q

what is the excretory system of earthworms?

A

Earthworms have metanephridia in each body segment that collect fluid and remove waste material.

25
Q

what is the excretory system of insects?

A

Insects have Malpighian tubules to excrete waste as uric acid and reabsorb water.

26
Q

What do kidneys do?

A

Kidneys control the composition and volume of blood, maintain blood pH, and remove nitrogenous wastes.

27
Q

What do ureters do?

A

Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

28
Q

What does the urinary bladder do?

A

Urinary bladder stores urine and can hold up to 800 mls.

29
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

Urethra expels urine from the bladder to the outside.

30
Q

Describe the kidney?

A
  1. The human kidney is reddish brown in color and shaped like a kidney bean, about 10-12 cm long and 2.5 cm thick.
  2. The concave side of the kidney medial to the vertebral column has a notch called the renal hilus, which is where blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels enter and the ureter exits.
  3. The kidney is protected by a tough, transparent fibrous outer coat called the renal capsule, which is located above the renal cortex.
  4. The renal cortex is a granular layer where blood vessels contact kidney tubules, located below the renal capsule.
  5. The renal medulla is the inner layer of the kidney below the renal cortex, arranged in pyramid-like structures that contain the collecting ducts that empty into a central cavity called the renal pelvis.
  6. The vascular portion of the kidney arises from the renal artery, which enters the kidney in the renal hilus and branches into the interlobular arteries that carry blood to the afferent arterioles.
  7. Each afferent arteriole goes to 1 Bowman’s capsule, and then divides many times to form a tangled network of capillaries within Bowman’s capsule called the glomerulus.
  8. The glomerular capillaries reunite to form the efferent arterioles, which exit Bowman’s capsule and form a peritubular capillary network around the convoluted tubules (including the loop of Henle).
  9. The functional unit of the kidney is called the nephron, of which there are about a million in each kidney.
  10. There are two types of nephrons: cortical nephrons, which have a short loop of Henle and comprise 85% of nephrons in humans, and juxtamedullary nephrons, which have a long loop of Henle extending deep into the medulla.
  11. The nephron consists of tubular and vascular portions, the tubular portion being comprised of the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) which leads to the proximal convoluted tubule, the descending loop of Henle, the ascending loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting ducts of the medulla.
31
Q

What is the renal hilus?

A

The place where blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels enter and the ureter exits.

32
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

A tough, transparent fibrous outer coat located above the renal cortex that protects the kidney

33
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

A granular layer where blood vessels contact kidney tubules, located below the renal capsule.

34
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

The renal medulla is the inner layer of the kidney below the renal cortex, arranged in pyramid-like structures that contain the collecting ducts that empty into a central cavity called the renal pelvis.

35
Q

Describe the vascular portion of the kidney

A

The vascular portion of the kidney arises from the renal artery, which enters the kidney in the renal hilus and branches into the interlobular arteries that carry blood to the afferent arterioles.

36
Q

Where do afferent arterioles go and what do they become in regards to the kidney?

A
  1. Each afferent arteriole goes to 1 Bowman’s capsule
  2. divides many times to form a tangled network of capillaries
  3. this is called the glomerulus.
37
Q

The glomerular capillaries reunite to form the efferent arterioles, which exit Bowman’s capsule and form a peritubular capillary network around the convoluted tubules (including the loop of Henle).

A
  1. The glomerular capillaries reunite to form the efferent arterioles
  2. They exit Bowman’s capsule
  3. they form a peritubular capillary network around the convoluted tubules (including the loop of Henle).
38
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Biology 1110 (4 decks)

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