week 11 - longevity Flashcards
Learning Outcomes
Understanding of the factors that influence
longevity
Ability to describe key issues in adult health
and illness
–Have an in-depth understanding of the 3 most common
chronic conditions in older age
Describe the steps in the transactional
model of stress and coping
Identify the key risk and protective factors
for ill health in older age
How Long Will We Live?
factors
Genetic factors • Environmental factors • Ethnic Differences • Gender Differences
australian life expectancy
see slides 4-8
82.45 years (2015)
In Australia, a boy born in 2014–2016 can expect to live to the age of 80.4 years and a girl would be expected to live to 84.6 years compared to 47.2 and 50.8 years, respectively, in 1881–1890.
Life expectancy changes over the course of a person’s life because as they survive the periods of birth, childhood and adolescence, their chance of reaching older age increases. The life expectancy at different ages can be presented as the number of additional years a person can expect to live, or, their expected age at death in years.
Men aged 65 in 2014–2016 could expect to live another 19.6 years (an expected age at death of 84.6 years) and the life expectancy of women aged 65 in 2014–2016 was 22.3 years (an expected age at death of 87.3 years).
Leading causes of burden
see slides 9-11
leading causes of death
slide 11
Health Issues and Aging
Reductions in immunity
- Influenenza
- Pnuemonia
- Respiratory tract
Injury
Chronic Conditions
- Medication
- Disability
- Stress
Injury
During 2014 there were over 100k hospitalisations due to falls in people aged 65 and over.
Average time spent in hospital from falls increases from 4 (65-69) to 17 (85+)
Chronic conditions /non-communicable disease
Chronic conditions are characterised by their long-lasting effects. Once present, they tend to persist throughout a person’s life. ABS data show:
50% of Australians have at least 1 of 8 selected
common chronic conditions
70% 65+ had a chronic disease
50% aged 65–74 had to cope with 5 or more chronic diseases, increasing to 70% of those aged 85+
Arthritis and Osteoporosis
14% of Australians have arthritis in comparison to 60% of 75+ women and 42% of 75+ men
3% of Australians have osteoporosis in comparison to 23% of 65+ women and 5% of 65+ men
Cardiovascular disease
22% of Australians have some form of CVD vs 54% 65-74 and 66% of 75+
Aged 65+
66% of heart failures
71% strokes
9x more likely to have CHD than 45-54 year olds
Cancer
Accounts for 31% of all deaths in Australia
Risk of being diagnosed with cancer by 85 1 in 2 for men, 1 in 3 for women
estimated age specific incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined by sex 2017
see slide 18
Disability
18% of people in Australia have a disability, and 5.8% have a severe or profound disability
53% of those aged 65+ have a disability
20% have severe or profound activity limitation
Model of Disability
extra individual factors
the main pathway
risk factors
intraindividual factors
SEE SLIDE 20
Functional Health and Disability
see slide 21
issues with bathing/showering, dressing, eating, getting in and out of bed/chairs, walking, using toilet… et
Medication
Pain management
Effectiveness of medication
Side effects and interactions
Adherence
Given the frequency of chronic disease in later life what proportion of Australians aged 75+ rate their health as good, very good or excellent.
??/
Stress and Coping
Our health is shaped by
Stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, or stressors, that we view as challenging or threatening
Coping
The processes that are involved with managing the demands (internal and external) of life events and situations that are self-appraised to be stressful
Adaptation
Developmental changes that are the result of experiencing and eventually managing stress
Stress and coping
lazarus/folkman
Lazarus and Folkman (1984) Appraisal -Primary appraisal -Secondary appraisal -Reappraisal
Coping
- Problem focused
- Emotion focused
Primary appraisal
1 Irrelevant / Non significant
2 Benign or positive
3 Stressful
Secondary appraisal
Can you deal with it?
Evaluate internal and external options and assess or reappraise
- Threat
- Harm-loss
- Challenge
Coping
Problem-focused coping: attempts to deal with the stressor
Emotion-focused coping: attempts to deal with one’s feelings about the stressor
see slide 28 for examples
Transactional model of stress
slide 29
We become stressed when demands (pressure) exceeds resources
Resources for Effective Coping: health and energy, positive beliefs, social skills, material resources personal control, and social support
Age and stress
Coping strategies change
Sources of stress change
