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Biology > Week 11 - Intro to Cancer Biology > Flashcards

Week 11 - Intro to Cancer Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of deaths in Australia is attributed to cancer?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

A

C) 30%

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2
Q

The term “neoplasm” refers to what?

A) A benign tumor
B) Any new growth of tissue
C) A malignant tumor
D) A pre-cancerous condition

A

Answer: B) Any new growth of tissue

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3
Q

How do malignant tumors typically spread?

A) By direct contact with neighboring cells
B) Through lymphatic vessels and blood vessels
C) Only through blood vessels
D) By forming new tumors in adjacent tissues

A

Answer: B) Through lymphatic vessels and blood vessels

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4
Q

What is the earliest detectable size of a tumor?

A) 1 gram
B) 1 kilogram
C) 1 milligram
D) 1 ounce

A

Answer: A) 1 gram

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5
Q

What is the leading cause of cancer-related death in Australia?

A) Breast cancer
B) Prostate cancer
C) Lung cancer
D) Colon cancer

A

Answer: C) Lung cancer

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6
Q

What is a significant reason for the increase in cancer incidence over time?

A) Better diagnostic techniques
B) Increased tobacco use
C) An aging population
D) Higher genetic predisposition

A

Answer: C) An aging population

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7
Q

What is a known reversible alteration in cancer cells?

A) Point mutations
B) Chromosomal deletions
C) Epigenetic modifications
D) Translocations

A

Answer: C) Epigenetic modifications

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8
Q

What is the only bacterium known to cause cancer?

A) Escherichia coli
B) Salmonella typhi
C) Helicobacter pylori
D) Clostridium botulinum

A

Answer: C) Helicobacter pylori

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9
Q

What role do viruses like HPV play in cancer?

A) They enhance DNA repair mechanisms
B) They insert themselves into the host DNA, causing mutations
C) They prevent cell division
D) They cause apoptosis in cancer cells

A

Answer: B) They insert themselves into the host DNA, causing mutations

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10
Q

Which cancer rates have not really changed much in 70 years?

A

Pancreatic, breast and liver cancer

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11
Q

What is maximum amount of tumour compatible with life?

A

1kg / 10^12 cells

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12
Q

Why have stomach cancer rates gone down dramatically for both genders?

A

changes in diets, healthier ways of preserving foods

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13
Q

What causes IRREVERSIBLE alterations in DNA in cancerous cells?

A
  1. Mutations and deletions, eg. point mutations = T to a A
  2. Chromosomal rearrangements, amplifications
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14
Q

What alterations in DNA in cancer are reversible?

A

Epigenetic modification (methylation on the histones, determines which genes can be opened/expressed OR methylation of cytosine/Cs)

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15
Q

What % of cancers are due to bad luck?

A

70%

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16
Q

What is the typical delay of cancer onset after exposure to a carcinogen?

A) 1-3 years
B) 5-7 years
C) 9-15 years
D) 20-25 years

A

Answer: C) 9-15 years

17
Q

Which type of carcinogen requires metabolic activation?

A) Direct-acting carcinogens
B) Procarcinogens
C) Non-carcinogens
D) Inert chemicals

A

Answer: B) Procarcinogens

18
Q

What is aflatoxin B known for?

A) It is a common anti-cancer drug.
B) It is the most potent carcinogen from natural sources.
C) It is an effective treatment for stomach cancer.
D) It has no known health effects.

A

Answer: B) It is the most potent carcinogen from natural sources.

19
Q

Which enzyme is polymorphic and may affect lung cancer risk?

A) Glutathione-S-transferases (GST)
B) Cytochrome P-450
C) DNA polymerase
D) Lactate dehydrogenase

A

Answer: B) Cytochrome P-450

20
Q

What condition greatly increases the risk of skin cancer due to UV exposure?

A) Xeroderma pigmentosum
B) Eczema
C) Psoriasis
D) Rosacea

A

Answer: A) Xeroderma pigmentosum

21
Q

Which type of cancer is commonly associated with HPV infection?

A) Breast cancer
B) Cervical cancer
C) Lung cancer
D) Colorectal cancer

A

Answer: B) Cervical cancer

22
Q

What is the primary mechanism by which Helicobacter pylori causes stomach cancer?
A) Inhibition of DNA repair
B) Inflammation and chronic irritation
C) Direct DNA insertion
D) Suppression of the immune response

A

Answer: B) Inflammation and chronic irritation

23
Q

What type of radiation is a minor but cumulative contributor to cancer?

A) Ultraviolet radiation
B) Electromagnetic radiation
C) Ionizing radiation
D) Infrared radiation

A

Answer: A) Ultraviolet radiation

24
Q

How do microbes cause cancer?
(retrovirus)

A

Insert themselves into DNA (retrovirus)

25
Q

How do microbes cause cancer?
HPV

A

Interfering with the cell cycle control

26
Q

How do microbes cause cancer?
(helicobacter)

A

Cause chronic inflammation causing increased cell proliferation and release of damaging chemicals by the immune system

Biology (12 decks)

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