W1 Intro + CF

Question 1

What is CF and chances of getting it?

Answer 1

1. recessive genetic disease
2. 1/4 chance of getting CF

Question 2

Where is the CF gene found?

Answer 2

on the surface of the epithelial cells to transport chloride ions from one side to other, causes them to stop moving
- causes detective chloride, potassium then osmosis transport

Question 3

what is the common infection involved in CF?

Answer 3

A. aeroginosa

Question 4

What is an element?

Answer 4

a substance that cannot be broken down into anything smaller

Question 5

What is a compound?

Answer 5

a substance of 2+ elements in a fixed ratio

Question 6

what is sodium chloride?

Answer 6

1. sodium = flammable acid
2. chlorine = gas

Question 7

What elements are most prevalent in human body?

Answer 7

1. oxygen = 65%
2. hydrogen - 9,5%
3. carbon = 18.5%
4. nitrogen = 3.3%

Question 8

why are trace elements in body important?

Answer 8

iodine 0.01% important to maintain health

Question 9

what charge are neutrons, protons and electrons?

Answer 9

1. neutrons = n/a
2. protons = +
3. electrons = -

Question 10

What are valence electrons?

Answer 10

on the outer most shell / valence shell - which determine chemical behaviour

atoms with incomplete valence electrons share or transfer = chemical bonds

Question 11

what are covalent bonds

Answer 11

1. involve sharing a pair of valence electrons
2. strongest type
3. primarily determine molecular shape

single covalent bond = sharing 1 pair of valence electrons
double covalent bond = sharing 2 pairs of valence electrons

Question 12

What is electronegativity?

Answer 12

atoms attraction to electrons in a covalent bond

Question 13

what is a nonpolar covalent bond?

Answer 13

when the atoms share electrons equally / negative charge

Question 14

What is a polar covalent bnod?

Answer 14

when one atom is more electronegative than the other / and atoms are not shared qually

Question 15

What is a hydroxyl group?

Answer 15

hydrogen and oxygen (polar) OH

Question 16

What is a carbonyl group?

Answer 16

A carbon double polar bond to oxygen C=O (polar)

Question 17

What is a carboxyl group?

Answer 17

C=O and C-OH

Question 18

What is an amino group?

Answer 18

3 covalent bonds for nitrogen , one for the 2 hydrogens / positive

N – H
|
H

Question 19

What is a sulfhydryl group?

Answer 19

• SH / HS sulfar and hydrogen
  only found on ethanethiol - stabilsies protein structure

Question 20

What is phosphate group?

Answer 20

1 phosphate by 4 oxygen (polar, negative)
O
|
O – P – O
|
O

Question 21

How does similar shaped molecules have similar biological effects? example

Answer 21

endorphins and morphine are the same molecular shape, goes into blood stream and sends same signals to brain - mimics molecular shape to cause articial effects

Question 22

what is an ionic bond?

Answer 22

one atom stripping an electron from another bonded electron

= an attraction between an anion and a cation, eg. sodium chloride

Question 23

anion vs. cation

Answer 23

anion = negatively charged ion
cation = positively charged ion

Question 24

Why is salt dissolvable in water?

Answer 24

1. water is polar
2. Cl- is attracted to H+, NA+ is attracted to negative O-

Question 25

what are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 25

1 hydrogen bond to an electronegative atom which is also bonded to another electronegative atom

hydrogen bonds are not covalent! they are attracted but not sharing atoms

Question 26

what is a hydrophobic interaction?

Answer 26

when non polar substances aggregate in an aqueous solution and exclude water molecules

Question 27

what are non polar bonds?

Answer 27

when electrons are shared equally, C-C bonds or C-H bonds, do not work in water as non polar

Question 28

what are van der waals interactions?

Answer 28

1. weakest interaction
2. attacted by transient charge differences

Question 29

weakest to strongest bonds?

Answer 29

1. van der waals
2. hydrogen
3. ionic
4. covalent

Question 30

what are the 4 main types of molecules in cells?

Answer 30

1. sugars
2. amino acids
3. nucleotides
4. fatty acids

Question 31

what is haemoglobin made from

Answer 31

long chain of AA, 6000 AA

Question 32

what are the 3 classes of macromolecules? (large polymers)

Answer 32

1. proteins
2. nucleic acids
3. polysaccharides

(lipids are not held by covalent bonds)

Question 33

what is a monomer?

Answer 33

single molecule

Question 34

how are macromolecules made and broken down?

Answer 34

1. dehydration process
2. hydrolysis

Question 35

what is the most common simple sugar / monosaccaride

Answer 35

glucose (all of them have carbonyl group = C=O and hydroxyl OH

Question 36

How is glucose folded?

Answer 36

into a ring shape

Question 37

how are disaccharides formed?

Answer 37

via dehydration processes and glycosidic linkages between carbon 1 and 4

Question 38

what is cellulose?

Answer 38

unbranched polymer 1-4 linkages and beta-glucose with hydrogen bonds?

Question 39

what is starch?

Answer 39

2 types of sugar polymers of glucose
- amylose = glucose units unbranched
- amylopectin = branched with 1-4 alpha linkages
for energy storage

Question 40

amylose vs. amylopectin?

Answer 40

amylose = hard digestion because it is unbranched, tightly packed together

better for nutrition and lower glucose levels

amylopectin = easy digestion because it is branched and looser in structure

Question 41

what is human form of energy storage?

Answer 41

glycogen - glucose branced polymer

Question 42

what does amino acids have

Answer 42

carbon group
amino group
acid group
unique r side chain
20 types in 4 different 4 groups

Question 43

types of 4 groups

Answer 43

9 non polar, C-C, CH
2 acidic (end in ic)
6 polar
3 basic (positive charge)