Week 11 - Delusions part 2 Flashcards

Question

Auditory Processing Disorders Auditory agnosia –

Answer 1

– problem with the recognition of auditorily presented information – Behave like deaf people (not deaf) and can read, write and speak

Answer 2

speech problems

Answer 3

nonspeech problems

Answer 4

- inability to recognize familiar voices or to discriminate between unfamiliar ones – Ok auditory speech comprehension

Answer 5

– failure to recognise familiar music | – Ok for other non-speech sounds

Answer 6

– deficit music processing | – Congenital or acquired deficit

Answer 7

– problem reading or understanding music – Problem with pitch or rhythm

Answer 8

– problem singing, writing music or playing an instrument – Vocal expressive amusia – Instrumental motor amusia

Answer 9

Synaesthesia – sensory activation in one modality causes (or is linked to) sensory activation in another modality • Can also cause additional activation in the same sensory modality • Experiences occur at the same time as the actual stimulus is experienced

Answer 10

``` their experiences are very real and occur without conscious control  automatic process(es) • Acquired and developmental skills • Hypnosis may induce synaesthesia like experiences • May inform normal models of perception and cognition ```

Answer 11

``` • More prevalent in females ratio 5:1(maybe) • Tendency for family clusters • Prevalence differs across reports – 4% of population – 0.05% of population – 1 in 2000 people • Consistency in associations of stimuli and perceptions • Use Stroop task – consistency ```

Answer 12

• Each synaesthete has a unique scheme of associations • Associations for one person are always the same pairings • Synaesthetic images usually simple and come and go as the stimulus does • Induction of sensation usually unidirectional • Synaesthetes have normal cognitive function • Imaging studies show activation of “perceptual areas” but normal activation/inactivation elsewhere • Might be due to “extra” neural connections – Differences in axon guidance, disruption border information, failure of normal synaptic pruning

Answer 13

• Runs in families • Not the exact same stimuli-perception pairings • Children less consistent with stimuli-perception pairings than adults • Better than controls for consistency • Tested later in adulthood consistency stabilized • New synaesthesia characteristics can be developed in adulthood

Answer 14

• Results from sensory loss (vision) or LSD • Inducers (stimuli) tend to be simple sensory stimuli rather than learned and meaningful stimuli • Matches differences in neural reorganisation • Blindness – auditory-vision or tactile-vision synaesthesia • Onset –days to one or two years after deficit occurs • Not clear why only some people have this experience after deficit onset

Answer 15

• Consistency in synaesthesia experiences • Audio-visual associations: high pitch sounds brighter, smaller and higher in space than low pitch sounds • Letter-colour associations: A- red, B-blue, Cyellow – Common letters have common colours, uncommon letters less common colours • Number-colour associations: single digits (light to dark, saturated to unsaturated as magnitude increases)

Answer 16

• Causal nature of these effects? • Perception: S better perception than nonsynaesthetes (NS) – But is this causal? • Imagery: more vivid in grapheme-colour S and spatial S • Memory: Some S exceptional memories – Link between type of S and type of memory affected • Art & Creativity: greater proportion of S involved in this area • Numeracy: S can lead to better or worse performance, may depend on type of S

Answer 17

• Nikolinakos et al. (2013) - case colour-taste synaesthesia • Colour is inducer • Taste is concurrent • TK 72 year-old right handed male • artist,-painter, print maker and art teacher • Unidirectional synaesthesia for 3 of 4 basic tastes – Green  bitterness – Red  sweetness – Yellow  sourness – No colour  saltiness – Colours not resulting in taste qualities = neutral taste

Answer 18

• TK became vividly aware of colour –tastes when he started arts school in his 20s • Prior to this no memory of synaesthesia experiences • TK painted since early childhood • Synaesthesia experiences occur when painting, looking at art and from colours in environment • TK’s synaesthesia experiences vary with the purity, amount and intensity of the perceived hue • Experiences taste on his tongue but it differs from the taste of food (less strong) • No experiences when forming mental images of colours or when dreaming

Answer 19

• Fornazzari et al. (2012) • 45 year old male who developed acquired multimodal synaesthesia 9 months after stroke in thalamic region • Developed sound  colour, sounds  tactile (touch), grapheme  taste synaesthesia – Blue print meant chicken tasted bad – Black print chicken OK • During 3 years of study his experiences were consistent (Synaesthesia Battery)

Answer 20

• Patient could voluntarily suppress all of his synaesthesia experiences • Patient could elicit his experiences just by thinking about the stimuli – Letters on shopping list  chicken task • Conceptual synaesthesia • Lesion left posterior part of thalamus, relay station for – posterior parietal cortex – Multimodal integrative areas – posterior insula to orbitofrontal cortex – Input into other visual areas

Answer 21

• Study by Russell, Duchaine & Nakayama (2009) • Tested face recognition abilities of 4 participants who never forget a face (Super-recognisers) • Tests included – Before They Were Famous test – Cambridge Face Memory test – Cambridge Face Perception Test • Super recognisers out performed controls on before they were famous and memory task • Super recognisers had better face perception than controls and were about as good as prosopagnosics were bad • Continuum of face recognition skills?

Answer 22

• Patient JS had a stroke, reported problems in recognising family members visiting her in hospital • While in hospital – JH did not recognise the daughter she sees regularly – no problem recognising the daughter she had not seen for 8 yrs – Would not allow grand kids to sit on her lap because they looked repulsive

Answer 23

• Impaired perception of facial expression • Impairment on Benton Facial Recognition test • Face processing tested using photos of faces of family, celebrities and unfamiliar people • problem identifying family and friends but not celebrities (RT data) • JS could identify pictures of celebrity look alikes • Reported the pictures of family members had distorted facial proportions and she could not tell which way the proportions were distorted

Answer 24

• Compared to controls JS was slower and less accurate at indentifying celebrity faces and even more so for family members • JS SCR indicated lower psychological arousal to faces than controls but her SCR for familiar was higher then non-familiar faces • JS problems – Impaired recognition of basic emotional expressions – Poor recognition of familiar faces in general but this is worse for family members – Face of family members appear distorted

Answer 25

• JS does not have Prosopagnosia • JS does not gave Capgras Delusion • JS might have mild Metamorphopsia (Prosometamorphopsia) • Could be due to poor integration between identity and emotion related processing of faces