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Morphology > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Free morphemes

A

Morphemes that can stand alone as words

For example; wipe (unwipe), fiber (fiberhood)

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2
Q

Bound morphemes

A

Morphemes that cannot stand alone as a word, but are also not prefixes or suffixes.

For example; un- (unwipe), -hood (fiberhood)

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3
Q

Affixes

A

Prefixes and suffixes

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4
Q

Derivation

A

Lexeme formation process that either changes syntactic category or add substantial meaning (or both).

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5
Q

Affixation

A

Formation of words by adding prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes.

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6
Q

Compounding

A

Part of the word-formation process where two roots combine.

Bittersweet (adj-adj)
Ice cream (n-n)
Sleepwalk (v-v)
High rise (adj-v)
Slowdown (adj-prep)
Sundown (noun-prep)

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7
Q

The prefix re- attaches to…

A

Verbs (reheat, rewash)

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8
Q

Transpositional affixes

A

Some affixes have the main function to change the category of their base. This does not add extra meaning.

Refusal
Examination
Agreement

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9
Q

Personal or participant affixes

A

These are affixes that create ‘people nouns’ (+ -er).

Writer, runner

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10
Q

Properties of derivation

A
  1. Usually involves affixation (teacher, rewrite)
  2. May involve a change in word class (teacher, purify)
  3. Can affect both simple bases (teacher, countable) or complex bases (teachership, uncountable)
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11
Q

Derivative forms of like, regulate, lock and boot (verbs)

A
  1. Dislike
  2. Deregulate
  3. Unlock
  4. Reboot
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12
Q

Derivative forms of pig, cigar, steward, king, race, history (nouns)

A
  1. Piglet
  2. Cigarette
  3. Stewardess
  4. Kingdom
  5. Racist
  6. Historian
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13
Q

Derivative forms of happy, readable, lawful, regular, legible (adjectives)

A
  1. Unhappy
  2. Unreadable
  3. Unlawful
  4. Irregular
  5. Illegible
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14
Q

Derivative forms of of rational, cannibal, breath, pure, black, large, courage, bottle (verbalisation)

A
  1. Rationalise
  2. Cannibalise
  3. Breathe
  4. Purify
  5. Blacken
  6. Enlarge
  7. Encourage
  8. Bottle
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15
Q

Examples of adjectivising

A

Worthless, autumnal, frightful, womanly, approachable, needy, explosive

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16
Q

Does -ness trigger any phonological effects?

A

No, there are no stress shifts by adding suffixes

17
Q

Does -ity trigger anything when added as a suffix?

A

It triggers stress shift to the immediately preceding suffix.

Curious > curiosity
Specific > specificity
Stable > stability

18
Q

Trisyllabic shortening

A

Shortened vowel sounds after addition of a suffix as a third syllable.

E.g. Phonological effects on a derivative form when -ity is added to a base.

sane > sanity
extreme > extremity
divine > divinity
morose > morosity
profound > profundity

19
Q

Velar softening

A

Phonological effects on a derivative form when a suffix is added (change of velar consonants).

electric > electricity
critic > criticism
analogue > analogy
analytic > analyticity

20
Q

Righthand-Head Rule (RHR)

A

In a morphological structure, the rightmost morpheme determines the lexical category of the construction.

Pureify is a de-adjectival verbalising suffix

Employee is a de-verbal nominalising suffix

! en- is an exception

21
Q

De-adjectival verbalising suffix

A

-ify (purify)

22
Q

De-verbal nominalising suffix

A

-ee (employee)

23
Q

Which rule of exception does the RHR predict?

A

That prefixes don’t determine the word class of a derivative, but en- is an exception.

en-large

24
Q

Conversion

A

Different word classes (e.g. noun and verb) are the same, but have different functions in a sentence. A morphological relation can be existing, or it can be questioned.

The rose is red.
The farmer rose early.
(No morphological connection)

Sarah brought a bottle of water.
He wants to bottle his own beer.
(Might be a morphological connection because of the similar form and meaning)

25
Q

Directionality problem

A

The question of whether two forms of conversion are morphologically related or not.

Bottle (v) and bottle (n) might be morphologically related, but rose (v) and rose (n) are not.

26
Q

What are other names for noun-to-verb conversion?

A

Zero affixation or functional shift

(Bottle, jail, hammer, father)

27
Q

Grammatically conditioned

A

The suffix in likes is grammatically conditioned, whereas the prefix dislike isn’t.

28
Q

Which processes are productive and which aren’t?

A

Inflectional processes are typically very productive.

Derivational processes are not always productive; some are actually completely unproductive.

29
Q

Semantic contribution

A

The prefix in dislike makes a semantic contribution, because it reverses the meaning of the verb.

30
Q

Semantic transparency

A
31
Q

Morphemes without meaning

A

Building blocks like pre, fer and mit are morphemes, but they lack a consistent meaning.

Commissive
Permission
Re**missive
Refer
Prefer
Remit
Confer
Contend
Pretend
Transfer
Transmit

Morphology (8 decks)

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