Week 11 Flashcards
Free morphemes
Morphemes that can stand alone as words
For example; wipe (unwipe), fiber (fiberhood)
Bound morphemes
Morphemes that cannot stand alone as a word, but are also not prefixes or suffixes.
For example; un- (unwipe), -hood (fiberhood)
Affixes
Prefixes and suffixes
Derivation
Lexeme formation process that either changes syntactic category or add substantial meaning (or both).
Affixation
Formation of words by adding prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes.
Compounding
Part of the word-formation process where two roots combine.
Bittersweet (adj-adj)
Ice cream (n-n)
Sleepwalk (v-v)
High rise (adj-v)
Slowdown (adj-prep)
Sundown (noun-prep)
The prefix re- attaches to…
Verbs (reheat, rewash)
Transpositional affixes
Some affixes have the main function to change the category of their base. This does not add extra meaning.
Refusal
Examination
Agreement
Personal or participant affixes
These are affixes that create ‘people nouns’ (+ -er).
Writer, runner
Properties of derivation
- Usually involves affixation (teacher, rewrite)
- May involve a change in word class (teacher, purify)
- Can affect both simple bases (teacher, countable) or complex bases (teachership, uncountable)
Derivative forms of like, regulate, lock and boot (verbs)
- Dislike
- Deregulate
- Unlock
- Reboot
Derivative forms of pig, cigar, steward, king, race, history (nouns)
- Piglet
- Cigarette
- Stewardess
- Kingdom
- Racist
- Historian
Derivative forms of happy, readable, lawful, regular, legible (adjectives)
- Unhappy
- Unreadable
- Unlawful
- Irregular
- Illegible
Derivative forms of of rational, cannibal, breath, pure, black, large, courage, bottle (verbalisation)
- Rationalise
- Cannibalise
- Breathe
- Purify
- Blacken
- Enlarge
- Encourage
- Bottle
Examples of adjectivising
Worthless, autumnal, frightful, womanly, approachable, needy, explosive
Does -ness trigger any phonological effects?
No, there are no stress shifts by adding suffixes
Does -ity trigger anything when added as a suffix?
It triggers stress shift to the immediately preceding suffix.
Curious > curiosity
Specific > specificity
Stable > stability
Trisyllabic shortening
Shortened vowel sounds after addition of a suffix as a third syllable.
E.g. Phonological effects on a derivative form when -ity is added to a base.
sane > sanity
extreme > extremity
divine > divinity
morose > morosity
profound > profundity
Velar softening
Phonological effects on a derivative form when a suffix is added (change of velar consonants).
electric > electricity
critic > criticism
analogue > analogy
analytic > analyticity
Righthand-Head Rule (RHR)
In a morphological structure, the rightmost morpheme determines the lexical category of the construction.
Pureify is a de-adjectival verbalising suffix
Employee is a de-verbal nominalising suffix
! en- is an exception
De-adjectival verbalising suffix
-ify (purify)
De-verbal nominalising suffix
-ee (employee)
Which rule of exception does the RHR predict?
That prefixes don’t determine the word class of a derivative, but en- is an exception.
en-large
Conversion
Different word classes (e.g. noun and verb) are the same, but have different functions in a sentence. A morphological relation can be existing, or it can be questioned.
The rose is red.
The farmer rose early.
(No morphological connection)
Sarah brought a bottle of water.
He wants to bottle his own beer.
(Might be a morphological connection because of the similar form and meaning)
