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Morphology > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Allomorphs (plural)

A

Morphemes (words) may have variant pronunciations depending on the context in which they occur.

Cats > /s/
Dogs > /z/
Houses > /iz/

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2
Q

Wug test

A

Jean Berko’s wug test was developed to test at what age children can productively apply English regular inflection to new words.

The test demonstrates that English speakers can create new words using regular word formation rules, rather than relying on hearing and memorising all inflectional forms.

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3
Q

Allomorphs (past tense)

A

Missed > /t/
Loved > /d/
Handed > /id/

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4
Q

Inflectional variants

A

Have and having are inflectional variants of a more basic have (which is a basic form, called a lexeme).

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5
Q

Which form does ‘have’ take when it occurs after a model verb?

A

It takes the basic form.

I will have what you’re having.

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6
Q

Which form does ‘have’ take when it occurs after a progressive auxiliary verb?

A

It becomes a progressive participle; having.

I’ll have with you’re having.

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7
Q

Perfect participle form

A

Eat > eaten (which is an example of inflection)

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8
Q

What is an example of an inflection?

A

When following the perfect auxiliary has, the verb ‘eat’ must occur in the perfect participle form: eaten.

Pooh has eaten all the honey.

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9
Q

What is an example of derivation?

A

The formation of agentive nouns

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10
Q

Agentive nouns

A

Adding -er, -or, -ar

Doctor, teacher, actor, dancer.

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11
Q

Inflection (word examples)

A

Sings
Kicked
Songs

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12
Q

Which processes fall under the umbrella of word-formation?

A
  1. Inflection
  2. Lexeme formation
    • Derivation
    • Compounding
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13
Q

Derivation (word examples)

A

Speaker
Hopeless
Warmth

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14
Q

Compounding (word examples)

A

Post-man
Swear-word
Red-hot

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15
Q

Differences inflection and derivation

A
  1. Inflection is required by grammatical context, derivation is not
  2. Inflection gives different forms of the same lexeme, derivation gives a new lexeme
  3. Inflection has no change in lexeme’s category, derivation does have change
  4. Inflection has no change in lexical meaning, derivation does have change in lexical meaning
  5. Inflection (usually) has a regular grammatical meaning, irregular meaning is possible in derivation
  6. Inflection is productive, derivation can be both
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16
Q

Word classes that contain inflection

A

Verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions

17
Q

Verbal inflection (regular verbs)

A

Lexeme: kick
Inflectional variants: kick, kicks, kicked, kicking

! Regular verbs have 4 inflectional variants

18
Q

How many inflectional variants do regular verbs have?

A

4

19
Q

Verbal inflection (irregular verbs)

A

Lexeme: eat
Inflectional variants: eat, eats, ate, eaten, eating

! Irregular verbs can have five inflectional variants

20
Q

How many inflectional variants can irregular verbs have?

A

Irregular verbs can have five inflectional variants.

21
Q

Syncretism + example

A

When the same inflectional variant of a lexeme serves different functions (for example, can occur as a perfect participle and passive participle).

Lexeme: kick
Inflectional variant: kicked

The child kicked the ball (PAST)
She has kicked the ball (PERF. PART.)
The ball was kicked (PASSIVE PART.)

22
Q

Which participles are always syncretic in English?

A

Perfect participle and passive participle.

23
Q

Perfect participle

A

Has kicked
Has seen
Has touched
Has caught

24
Q

Passive participle

A

Was kicked
Was seen
Was touched
Was caught

25
Q

Present plural (syncretism)

A

We/you/they kick the ball.

26
Q

Present non-3rd singular (syncretism)

A

I/you kick the ball.

27
Q

Infinitive (syncretism)

A

She may kick the ball.

28
Q

Imperative (syncretism)

A

Kick the ball!

29
Q

Verbs with irregular inflection

A
  1. Sing
  2. Eat
  3. Catch
  4. Buy
  5. Come
  6. Beat
  7. Cut
30
Q

Suppletion + example

A

When a lexeme is represented by two roots.

Go is represented by two roots, go and went.

Lexeme: go
Present: go, goes
Past: went
Participle: gone

31
Q

Plural formation

A

Regular: dogs > dogs
Voicing: leaf > leaves, mouth > mouths
Ablaut: foot > feet
-en: ox > oxen
-ren: child > children
Ø: sheep > sheep, deer > deer
Foreign: fungus > fungi, criterion > criteria

32
Q

Noun inflection in OE

A

In Old English, nouns inflected not just for number but also case and gender.

! This has been lost, except in pronouns.

33
Q

In which grammatical system do case and gender distinctions (pronominal inflection) still occur?

A

In the pronoun system.

I/me
She/her

34
Q

Which forms of adjectives are treated as adjectival inflection? And what is the reason for this?

A

The positive, comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are also usually treated as inflectional variants.

The reason for this is that there are contexts in which the choice is grammatically conditioned; your room is a lot cleaner than mine.

35
Q

What are periphrastic comparatives in adjectival inflection? And what is the additional rule?

A

Adding ‘more’ to create a comparative.

Furious:
Furious (positive)
More furious (comparative)

Interesting:
Interesting (positive)
More interesting (comparative)

This is the case for adjectives with more than two syllables!

36
Q

Adjectives with irregular, suppletive, comparative and superlative forms

A

GOOD:
Good, better, best

BAD:
Bad, worst, worse

37
Q

What are the inflectional variants of adjectives?

A

Positive, comparative and superlative

38
Q

What are the inflectional variants of nouns?

A

Singular and plural

39
Q

What are the inflectional variants of verbs?

A
  1. Present 3sg
  2. Past
  3. Perfect & passive participle
  4. Progressive participle
  5. Basic form

Morphology (8 decks)

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