Week 11-14 Flashcards
Which of the following is a common genera found in probiotic supplements?
Lactobacillus
The lungs and trachea are sterile areas of our body.
FALSE
Which of the following cells undergoes phagocytosis?
Macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts
Reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by phagocytic cells are effective in killing invading microorganisms.
TRUE
What type of cells assist with the take up of microbes in the intestine and release them on the other side for macrophages?
M cells
What portion of the Gram negative cell wall induces an immune response?
Lipid A
Why is innate host resistance a type of nonspecific immune response?
innate resistance is nonspecific because any foreign material, microorganisms, or antigens encountered by the host are targeted
Innate immunity involves all of the following host defenses EXCEPT
- production of small peptides that destroy the bacterial membrane
- secretion of mucus to prevent microbial entry
- production of antibodies to bind specific pathogen proteins
- engulfment of microbes by phagocytes
production of antibodies to bind specific pathogen proteins
A woman falls and suffers a cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will act first in eliminating microbes at the site of the cut?
Neutrophils
Which type(s) of antigen presenting cells can activate T cells?
- Macrophages
- B cells
- Dendritic cells
All of the above
You are a public health official investigating an outbreak of Salmonella. To detect current cases you choose to examine patients blood for the _______ antibody class.
IgM
In adaptive immunity, the term “clonal selection” best refers to
ability of specific B cell subsets to proliferate and produce antibodies upon exposure to a specific epitope
Which of the following statements about MHC class II molecules are true?
- They are found only on antigen presenting cells
- They present extracellular antigens.
- They are found on all nucleated cells.
- They are found on the surface of most pathogens.
They are found only on antigen presenting cells and are present extracellular antigens
An immune deficiency causes a severe reduction in the amount of MHC II expressed on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells. Predict which immune processes will be significantly impacted by this deficiency.
Phagocytosis by macrophages, antibody production, and cell killing by cytotoxic T cells
What can be used to make vaccines?
- purified components of microorganisms
- killed microorganisms
- live, attenuated microorganisms
- mRNA that codes for an antigen
Opsonization is a process whereby innate and adaptive immunity work together to
phagocytize an invader
Which body sites are colonized by normal microbiota?
- Lungs
- Kidney
- Small intestine
- Stomach
- Urinary bladder
Lungs, small intestine, stomach, and urinary bladder
Under what circumstances can microbiota cause disease?
- If other flora microbes are reduced or eliminated, as with antibiotic treatment
- can cause disease when they accidentally penetrate beyond their normal flora sites
How do the lungs avoid being colonized by pathogens?
- The lungs are also protected by alveolar macrophages that ingest and kill pathogens that make it past the ciliary elevator
- by using a mechanism called the mucociliary escalator to avoid being colonized
A man has been taking excessive amounts of antacids for heartburn. Which innate defense mechanism might be altered by his actions?
Increase in the pH of stomach acid and exposes himself to more GI tract infections
A patient came to you with compliant of severe respiratory tract infection accompanied with productive cough. After you collected a sputum sample, you failed to gram stain the organism shown in red below. You succeed in staining them using acid fast stain and took the image shown below.
What structure do they possess that contributes to their virulence?
Mycolic acids
Type III Secretion System with the organism that utilize for their pathogenesis
Salmonella , Yersinia, Shigella, and Escherichia species
Type IV Secretion System with the organism that utilize for their pathogenesis
Bordetella pertussis
Thick polysaccharide capsules are important virulence assets for which of the following species?
Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae
S. pyogenes virulence factors
M protein
S. aureus virulence factors
Alpha toxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfolient toxins A&B, and protein A
E. coli 0157:H7 virulence factors
Shiga-like toxin
S. pneumoniae virulence factors
capsule
M. tuberculosis virulence factors
Multi drug resistance, Mycolic acids, acid fast waxy surface, and difficult for ABX to penetrate
S. aureus disease
scalded skin syndrome
Y. pestis disease
Bubonic plague
P. falciparum disease
Malaria (cerebral)
T. palladium disease
syphilis
S. pyogenes disease
Necrotizing fasciitis
All of the following are bacterial structures responsible for attachment to the host cells or structures EXCEPT
- Protein M of S.pyogenes
- Type I pili of E.coli
- Lipid A of E.coli
- Pertactin of B.pertussis
- Type IV pili of N.meningitidis
Lipid A of E.coli
Shiga toxins of E. coli O157:H7 mechanism of killing affected cells is due to
Protein synthesis inhibitor
The cholera toxin causes ADP-ribosylation of its target cells and is an example of
an enterotoxin that disrupts function of the intestine
The toxin of __________ consists of two active toxins: an edema factor and a lethal factor.
Bacillus anthracis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram negative diplococcus that typically causes symptomatic infections in males. The presence of N.gonorrhoeae is urethral pus is diagnostic for gonorrhea in males. What would be observed in a positive Gram stain?
paired red spheres
After staining the background, many strains of B. pertussis resemble the staining pattern shown in the figure below. What structure do they possess that contributes to their virulence?
capsule
Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, where do you think the genetic information for endotoxins are located?
chromosomes
H. pylori virulence factors
urease positive and flagella
T. palladium virulence factors
Motility
Exotoxins
are protein toxins made by both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria
Thick polysaccharide capsules are important virulence assets for
Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae
All of the following are good indications of a pathogenicity island in a microbial chromosome EXCEPT
- GC/AT ratio higher or lower than the rest of the chromosome
- presence of clusters of virulence genes
- residual phage genomes flank the island
- presence of RNA nucleotides
presence of RNA nucleotides
The alpha toxin of the Staphylococcus aureus have similar effect on human cells as the antibiotic __________ on gram negative bacteria.
Gramicidin
Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, where do you think is/are the likely location(s) of the genetic information for E. coli shiga exotoxins?
Plasmids, Chromosomes, and phage genome
