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BIOL 3200 > Week 11-14 > Flashcards

Week 11-14 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a common genera found in probiotic supplements?

A

Lactobacillus

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2
Q

The lungs and trachea are sterile areas of our body.

A

FALSE

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3
Q

Which of the following cells undergoes phagocytosis?

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts

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4
Q

Reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by phagocytic cells are effective in killing invading microorganisms.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

What type of cells assist with the take up of microbes in the intestine and release them on the other side for macrophages?

A

M cells

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6
Q

What portion of the Gram negative cell wall induces an immune response?

A

Lipid A

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7
Q

Why is innate host resistance a type of nonspecific immune response?

A

innate resistance is nonspecific because any foreign material, microorganisms, or antigens encountered by the host are targeted

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8
Q

Innate immunity involves all of the following host defenses EXCEPT
- production of small peptides that destroy the bacterial membrane
- secretion of mucus to prevent microbial entry
- production of antibodies to bind specific pathogen proteins
- engulfment of microbes by phagocytes

A

production of antibodies to bind specific pathogen proteins

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9
Q

A woman falls and suffers a cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will act first in eliminating microbes at the site of the cut?

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

Which type(s) of antigen presenting cells can activate T cells?
- Macrophages
- B cells
- Dendritic cells

A

All of the above

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11
Q

You are a public health official investigating an outbreak of Salmonella. To detect current cases you choose to examine patients blood for the _______ antibody class.

A

IgM

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12
Q

In adaptive immunity, the term “clonal selection” best refers to

A

ability of specific B cell subsets to proliferate and produce antibodies upon exposure to a specific epitope

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13
Q

Which of the following statements about MHC class II molecules are true?
- They are found only on antigen presenting cells
- They present extracellular antigens.
- They are found on all nucleated cells.
- They are found on the surface of most pathogens.

A

They are found only on antigen presenting cells and are present extracellular antigens

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14
Q

An immune deficiency causes a severe reduction in the amount of MHC II expressed on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells. Predict which immune processes will be significantly impacted by this deficiency.

A

Phagocytosis by macrophages, antibody production, and cell killing by cytotoxic T cells

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15
Q

What can be used to make vaccines?

A
  • purified components of microorganisms
  • killed microorganisms
  • live, attenuated microorganisms
  • mRNA that codes for an antigen
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16
Q

Opsonization is a process whereby innate and adaptive immunity work together to

A

phagocytize an invader

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17
Q

Which body sites are colonized by normal microbiota?
- Lungs
- Kidney
- Small intestine
- Stomach
- Urinary bladder

A

Lungs, small intestine, stomach, and urinary bladder

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18
Q

Under what circumstances can microbiota cause disease?

A
  • If other flora microbes are reduced or eliminated, as with antibiotic treatment
  • can cause disease when they accidentally penetrate beyond their normal flora sites
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19
Q

How do the lungs avoid being colonized by pathogens?

A
  • The lungs are also protected by alveolar macrophages that ingest and kill pathogens that make it past the ciliary elevator
  • by using a mechanism called the mucociliary escalator to avoid being colonized
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20
Q

A man has been taking excessive amounts of antacids for heartburn. Which innate defense mechanism might be altered by his actions?

A

Increase in the pH of stomach acid and exposes himself to more GI tract infections

21
Q

A patient came to you with compliant of severe respiratory tract infection accompanied with productive cough. After you collected a sputum sample, you failed to gram stain the organism shown in red below. You succeed in staining them using acid fast stain and took the image shown below.

What structure do they possess that contributes to their virulence?

A

Mycolic acids

22
Q

Type III Secretion System with the organism that utilize for their pathogenesis

A

Salmonella , Yersinia, Shigella, and Escherichia species

23
Q

Type IV Secretion System with the organism that utilize for their pathogenesis

A

Bordetella pertussis

24
Q

Thick polysaccharide capsules are important virulence assets for which of the following species?

A

Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae

25
Q

S. pyogenes virulence factors

A

M protein

26
Q

S. aureus virulence factors

A

Alpha toxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfolient toxins A&B, and protein A

27
Q

E. coli 0157:H7 virulence factors

A

Shiga-like toxin

28
Q

S. pneumoniae virulence factors

A

capsule

29
Q

M. tuberculosis virulence factors

A

Multi drug resistance, Mycolic acids, acid fast waxy surface, and difficult for ABX to penetrate

30
Q

S. aureus disease

A

scalded skin syndrome

31
Q

Y. pestis disease

A

Bubonic plague

32
Q

P. falciparum disease

A

Malaria (cerebral)

33
Q

T. palladium disease

A

syphilis

34
Q

S. pyogenes disease

A

Necrotizing fasciitis

35
Q

All of the following are bacterial structures responsible for attachment to the host cells or structures EXCEPT
- Protein M of S.pyogenes
- Type I pili of E.coli
- Lipid A of E.coli
- Pertactin of B.pertussis
- Type IV pili of N.meningitidis

A

Lipid A of E.coli

36
Q

Shiga toxins of E. coli O157:H7 mechanism of killing affected cells is due to

A

Protein synthesis inhibitor

37
Q

The cholera toxin causes ADP-ribosylation of its target cells and is an example of

A

an enterotoxin that disrupts function of the intestine

38
Q

The toxin of __________ consists of two active toxins: an edema factor and a lethal factor.

A

Bacillus anthracis

39
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram negative diplococcus that typically causes symptomatic infections in males. The presence of N.gonorrhoeae is urethral pus is diagnostic for gonorrhea in males. What would be observed in a positive Gram stain?

A

paired red spheres

40
Q

After staining the background, many strains of B. pertussis resemble the staining pattern shown in the figure below. What structure do they possess that contributes to their virulence?

A

capsule

41
Q

Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, where do you think the genetic information for endotoxins are located?

A

chromosomes

42
Q

H. pylori virulence factors

A

urease positive and flagella

43
Q

T. palladium virulence factors

A

Motility

44
Q

Exotoxins

A

are protein toxins made by both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria

45
Q

Thick polysaccharide capsules are important virulence assets for

A

Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae

46
Q

All of the following are good indications of a pathogenicity island in a microbial chromosome EXCEPT
- GC/AT ratio higher or lower than the rest of the chromosome
- presence of clusters of virulence genes
- residual phage genomes flank the island
- presence of RNA nucleotides

A

presence of RNA nucleotides

47
Q

The alpha toxin of the Staphylococcus aureus have similar effect on human cells as the antibiotic __________ on gram negative bacteria.

A

Gramicidin

48
Q

Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, where do you think is/are the likely location(s) of the genetic information for E. coli shiga exotoxins?

A

Plasmids, Chromosomes, and phage genome

BIOL 3200 (6 decks)

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