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Bus 345 > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a z-test

A

Hypothesis test used for a single mean if the sample is large enough and drawn at random

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2
Q

How do you find the z-test

A
  1. Specify the null and alternative hypothesis
  2. Specify the level of sampling error allowed
  3. Determine the sample standard deviation
  4. Calculate the estimated standard error of the mean using the formula
  5. State the result whether the null hypothesis can be rejected
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3
Q

What is a t-test

A

Hypothesis test used for a single mean if the sample is too small to use the z-test

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4
Q

How to do the t-test

A
  1. Specify the null and alternative hypothesis
  2. Specify the level of sampling error allowed
  3. Determine the sd
  4. Calculate the standard error
  5. Calculate the t-statistic
  6. State the result
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5
Q

How do you hypothesize about two means

A
  1. Specify the null and alternative hypothesis
  2. Set the level of sampling error
  3. Calculate the estimated standard error of the differences between the two means
  4. Calculate the test statistic Z
  5. State the result
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6
Q

What is an experiment

A

Research approach where one variable is manipulated and the effect on another variable is observed

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7
Q

What is experimental research referred to as

A

Causal research because it is the only type of research that has potential to demonstrate change in one variable

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8
Q

What are three things you must show in an experiment

A
  1. Correlation or concomitant variation
  2. Appropriate time order of occurencce
  3. Elimination of other possible factor
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9
Q

What are three types of evidence for causal relationships

A
  1. Correlation
  2. Appropriate time order of occurrence
  3. elimination of other possible causal factors
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10
Q

What are ways to show a causal relationship

A
  1. Correlation between two variables
  2. Showing that there is an appropriate time order of occurrence
  3. Eliminating other possible causal factors
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11
Q

What are laboratory experiments

A

Experiments conducted in a controlled setting

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12
Q

What are field experiments

A

Tests conducted outside the lab in an actual environment

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13
Q

What is validity

A

Defined as the degree to which an experiment actually measures what researchers was trying to measure

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14
Q

What is internal validity

A

Refers to the extent to which competing explanations for the experimental results observed can be ruled out

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15
Q

What is external validity

A

Refers to the extent to which the causal relationships measured in an experiment can be generalize to outside persons, setting and times

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16
Q

What is experimental notation

A
  1. X is used to indicate the exposure of an individual or a group to an experimental treatment
  2. O is used to refer to the process of taking measurements on the test units
  3. Different time periods are represented by horizontal arrangements
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17
Q

What are test units

A

Test units are individuals, groups of individuals or entities whose response to the experimental treatments is being tested

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18
Q

What are extraneous variables

A

Variables that pose a threat to experimental validity

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19
Q

What are some examples of extraneous variables

A
  1. History
  2. Maturation
  3. Instrument variation
  4. Selection bias
  5. Mortality
  6. Testing effects
  7. Regression to the mean
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20
Q

History

A

This is the intervention between the beginning and end of the experiment of any variable or event other than those manipulated by the researchers

21
Q

Maturation

A

Refers to changes in subjects during the course of the experiment that are a function of time; it includes getting older, hungrier more, the like

22
Q

Instrument variation

A

Refers to any changes in measurement instruments that might explain differences in the measurement taken

23
Q

Selection bias

A

Is encountered in situations where the experimental or test group is systematically different from the population to which the researcher would like to project the experimental results or from the control group

24
Q

What do researchers do to ensure equality of groups?

A
  1. Randomization involves assigning subjects to test groups and control groups at random
  2. Matching involves what the name suggests making sure that there is one to one match between people or other units in the test and control groups in regard to key characteristics
25
Q

Mortality

A

Refers to the loss of test units during the course of an experiment

26
Q

Why is mortality a problem

A

It is a problem because there is no easy way to know if the lost units would have respondent to the treatment variable in the same way as those units that remained throughout the entire experiment

27
Q

Testing effects

A

Results from the fact that the process of experimentation can produce its own effect on the responses observed

28
Q

What are main testing effects

A

Possible effects of earlier observations on later observations

29
Q

What are interactive testing effects

A

The effect of prior measurement on the subjects response to a later measurement

30
Q

What is the regression to the mean

A

Refers to the observed tendency of subjects with extreme behaviour to move toward the average for that behavior during the course of an experiment

31
Q

What are four basic approaches used to control extraneous factors?

A
  1. Randomization
  2. Physical control
  3. Design control
  4. Statistical control
32
Q

What is randomization

A

Carried out by randomly assigning subjects to treatment conditions so that extraneous causal factors related to subject characteristics can be assumed

33
Q

Physical control

A

Extraneous causal factors involved holding constant the value or level of extraneous variables throughout the experiment

34
Q

Design control

A

Control of extraneous factors by means of specific types of experimental designs developed for this purpose

35
Q

Statistical control

A

Can be used to account for extraneous causal factors if these factors can be identified and measured throughout the course of the experiment

36
Q

What is an experimental design

A

Test in which the researcher has control over and manipulates one or more independent variables

37
Q

What do experimental designs include

A
  1. Treatment or experimental, variable (independent variable) that is manipulated
  2. Subjects who participate in the experiment
  3. Dependent variable that is measured
  4. Plan or procedure for dealing with extraneous causal factors
38
Q

What is a treatment variable

A

The independent variable that is manipulated or changed

39
Q

What is manipulation

A

Refers to the process which the researcher sets the levels of independent variable to test a particular causal relationship

40
Q

What is experimental effect

A

The effect of the treatment variable on the dependent variable

41
Q

What is contamination

A

Inclusion in a test group of a group of respondents who are not normally there

42
Q

What are the problems that may occur in implementation

A
  1. Difficulty gaining cooperation within the organization
  2. Contamination problems
  3. Differences between test markets and total population
  4. Lack of an appropriate group of people or get geographic area of a control group
43
Q

What are pre experimental designs

A

Often difficult to interpret because they offer little or no control of extraneous factors

44
Q

What are one shot case study designs

A

Involves test units to the treatment variable for some period of time and then taking a measure of the dependent variables

45
Q

What are the weaknesses in the one showcase study design

A

No pretest observations are made in the units that will receive the treatment and no control group oftest units that did not receive the treatment observed

46
Q

What is one group pretest posttest design

A

Is the design employed most frequently for testing changes in established products or marketing strategies

47
Q

What is true experimental design

A

The experimenter randomly assigns treatments to randomly selected test units

48
Q

Why is randomization so important

A

This helps make the results of true experimental designs more valid than the results of pre-experimental designs

49
Q

What is the principal reason for choosing randomized experiments

A

They clarify causal inference

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