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PSY324 > week 11 > Flashcards

week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what are 4 components to an emotional response?

A

Cognition (this is a dangerous situation)
Feelings (I’m scared)
Behavioral (run away!!)
Physiological (heart racing)

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2
Q

What is a common view of emotion in reaction to a scary situation?

A

fear -> fight, flight, freeze

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3
Q

How does James-Lange Theory of Emotion understand the question “ Do we run because we are scared or are we scared because we are running?”

A

we are scared b/c we are running
Linear Process
EVENT ➡ AROUSAL ➡ INTERPRETATION ➡ FEELING
Feeling a body change is important for feeling an emotion. Stop the body change, stop the emotion

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4
Q

what are two studies that is supporting of evidence the James-Lange Theory?

A

Hohman 1966: Spinal cord injured patients
The closer the injury is to cervical regions of the spine the greater effect it has on physiology and movement
Partial evidence to support the Jame-Lange Theory

Critchley et al 2001: Pure autonomic failure(dysfunction of ganglia in ANS) patients experience blunted feelings

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5
Q

How does Botox and Emotion provide evidence for the James-Lange Theory?

A

Takes longer to process emotions.
Tx of frown lines association with improved mood (Finzi & Wasserman, 2006)
Tx for smiling lines (Duchenne Smile) increases depression and anxiety scores; impairs sexual pleasure (Lewis, 2018)

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6
Q

What is the Facial Feedback Hypothesis?

A

Strack (1988): Participants rated cartoons as funnier when they held a pencil between teeth(creating a smile) vs between their lips(prevents smile)

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7
Q

What syndrome contradicts the Facial Feedback Hypothesis?

A

Möbius syndrome
Underdeveloped VI and VII cranial nerves
Cannot move facial muscles to make a smile but still express “feeling” happy
Underwent lots of surgery to express a smile
Depending on context social awkwardness when smiling cannot be expressed

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8
Q

Briefly state how theories of emotion understand this question:
Q: Do we run because we are scared or are we scared because we are running?

A

James-Lange Theory (physiological)
Cannon-Bard Theory (physiological)
Schachter-Singer Theory (perceptive)

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9
Q

What is a problem, according to Cannon? hint ; bodily responses

A

Bodily responses happen too slowly to be acknowledged by the brain, to then result in an emotion
Can still have an emotional feeling without the physiological activity
The same visceral changes occur in very different emotional states and in such non-emotional states as fever and exposure to cold

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10
Q

How does Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion understand the question “ Do we run because we are scared or are we scared because we are running?” hint ; experience vs. expression

A

Emotional experience and emotional expression are parallel processes but do not have direct causal relation

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11
Q

What is a problem, according to Schachter & Singer about the Cannon-Bard’s theory?

A

“…the variety of emotion, mood and feeling states are by no means matched by an equal variety of visceral patterns.” This “rather ambiguous situation” leads one to conclude “that cognitive factors may be major determinants of emotional states.”

Cannon-Bard’s theory does not consider the complexity of emotion within context and how perception of the individual is key to determine which emotions will arise

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12
Q

How does Schachter-Singer (Two Factor) Theory/Cognitive Attribution Model understand the question “ Do we run because we are scared or are we scared because we are running?” hint ; cognitive circumstances

A

If appropriate explanation for aroused state exist, the person is unlikely to find alternative cognitive labeling.
If no causal explanation for the aroused state, the person will label arousal in terms of available cognitions.
identical “cognitive circumstances” the person will only respond with emotional experience to the degree that the person is physiologically excited.

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13
Q

explain the Schachter & Singer (1962) study? hint ; epinephrine

A

Epinephrine(stress hormone) or Saline injection
The Epinephrine group was placed in one of three conditions
- Informed(told they will experience heart rate) or Ignorant(not given any info) or Misinformed(told irrelevant side effects) group
“cognitive circumstance”: Euphoric or Angry confederate.
- Left alone with 20 mins with a researcher
- Researcher was told to be euphoric or angry
Result: Epinephrine-Ignorant/Misinformed group mirrored confederate (observational rating and self-report), experience level of euphoria if they were in the euphoria confederate vs. angry in the angry confederate

If no causal explanation for the aroused state, the person will label arousal in terms of available cognitions.

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14
Q

explain the Dutton & Aron (1974): Misattribution of Arousal?

A

Male participants crossing sturdy, slightly arousing, or highly arousing bridge.
At end of bridge, male or female interviewer awaited the participant.
Result: Female interviewer elicited higher scores of sexual attraction in the arousing bridge condition compared to all other conditions. (i.e., excitation transfer)
Under identical “cognitive circumstances” the person will only respond with emotional experience to the degree that the person is physiologically excited

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15
Q

What are the 6 basic facial expressions of emotions?

A 
angry
disgust
happy
sad
surprised
scared
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16
Q

What is BIS and BAS of the Reinforcement sensitivity theory?

A 
Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
Low to moderate autonomic arousal
Tendency to approach
Left hemisphere activation of frontal and temporal lobe.
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
Increased attention and arousal
Social withdraw, fear and disgust
Right hemisphere activation of frontal and temporal lobe.

But the right hemisphere is is more important for emotion recognition and emotion expression

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17
Q

What are two example of how emotions are innate?

A

Darwin – evolution of innate responses
A mans “Snarl/snark” like a dog, a biologically determined response

Cross-cultural (Ekman & Friesen 1971)
Observing if emotions made by westerners can be distinguish by tribesmen
Result; they were able to

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18
Q

Does being blind effect how you show emotion?

A

no

Same emotions shown between sighted and blind people, emotion is not learn by seeing, but innate

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19
Q

What were the results from Heijnsbergen & de Gelder (2005) about congruent vs incongruent expressions of emotion influence on reaction time?

A

If face and body/posture do not align when expressing an emotion it takes longer for people to recognize the facial expression

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20
Q

How is emotion recognition lateralized? left and right amygdala do what? Pure Word deafness case?

A

Functional imaging studies (PET)
The left side of the amygdala is responsible for the meaning of words
The right side is responsible for the tone of voice

Pure word deafness case study
Case where a man was unable to to understand meaning of speech but understand emotions

21
Q

Amygdala & emotional recognition hint; fear

A

Increased activation of right amygdala to scary faces vs. happy faces
Lesions to right amygdala impairs identifying emotions of fear
Wada procedure experiment - right hemisphere for experience and memory of emotional feeling

22
Q

How does expression of emotions differ between the left and right hemisphere of the face?

A

Observation studies
it’s found that the left side of your face(left tends to be more expressive than the right side, think about contralateral c​​onnectivity in terms of the brain and muscles)

Chimerical face experiments
In this case you take a picture of a face, divide it vertically between the left and right side of the face
Then with put two left side pictures together to make a symmetrical face or two right side pictures
Shown to prove that the left side is still more expressive

23
Q

What is Alexithymia? Which hemisphere is disturbed?

A

Inability to express “feelings” of emotion
Difficulty distinguishing between feelings and bodily sensations of emotional arousal
May “express’ the emotion (e.g. crying), but can’t explain it in terms of feelings
Interpersonal relationships may suffer
Right hemisphere disturbance

24
Q

What does the Lateral Nucleus do?

A

receiving information from the rest of the brain then send info to Basal Nucleus

Laster and Basal Nucleus then sense into to central which send off the physiological response

25
Q

What is the difference absolute vs Learned stimuli and Startle reflex vs. CER?

A

absolute - eg. burning building, everyone would react every similarly trying to escape (survive)
learned stimuli - eg., fear of dog, little albert
Startle reflex - crying in response to loud noise (little albert, all babies would cry)
CER(condition emotional response) - little albert becoming scared of rabbit

26
Q

What are the Physiological and Brain regions responses to the controlled response to the sound of a tone and expecting a shock in rats?

A 
Physiological and Brain regions 
Physiological Response to noxious Stimulus:
Increased HR (heart rate)
E(epinephrine) and NE (norepinephrine)
Freezing
Brain regions:
Hypothalamus
PAG, associated with freezing

CER leads to activation in amygdala
Extinction leads to activation in ventromedial PFC
- Extinction by pairing tone sound with food

27
Q

What do lesions in the Central Nucleus of Amyddala do in animals?

A

No fear when confronted with aversive stimuli, including handling
Decreased cortisol and stress-induced illness
No CER

28
Q

What do Stimulation Studies in the central nucleus of amygdala result in?

A

Increased fear and agitation

Chronic stimulation and stress-induced illnesses

29
Q

What is the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

monkeys are calm, less than normal fear, associated with damaged amygdala. Decreased ability to address threats

30
Q

What does stimulation of the hypothalamus vs. amydala result in?

A

Stimulation in hypothalamus - autonomic responses of fear, increased HR
Stimulation in amygdala - patients would report fear

31
Q

What is impaired when the amydgala is lesioned?

A

impaired CER

Gosselin et al 2005 : auditory perception of fear in amygdala-damaged patients
Participants told to listen to Scary vs Happy/Sad Music
Participants with Lesions to amygdala had inability to recognize scary music, but was able to recognize happy or sad music

32
Q

Amygdala activation for fear or uncertainty?

A

It is uncertainty, could be understood as the brain working harder causing more stimulus

33
Q

What are three example of increased amydala activity results in higher stress/unpleasent emotions?

A

E.g., Admon et al., 2009: Soldiers who display high amygdala reactivity at initiation are more likely to report high combat stress
E.g., Barrett et al., 2007: College students who reported more unpleasant emotions show higher amygdala response than others one year later
E.g. Oxley et al., 2008: Those more reactive to startle response are more likely to display political attitude in favor of guns and military

34
Q

What is Urbach-Wiethe disease? Who is SM?

A

rare genetic condition that causes calcium to build up in the amygdala until it wastes away

Case study of SM, who had Urbach-Wiethe disease
Experiences fearlessness that is dangerous to her: robberies at gunpoint, physical assaults, no inhibition when strangers approach
Reports feeling angry but not afraid in response to these incidents
Inability to recognize fear or disgust, or report reduced intensity
Willingness to undergo stress challenge (CO2 challenge) again without a second thought
- Breathe in CO2 and it feels like you are not breathing, an unpleasant physiological stress challenge

35
Q

What emotions was SM unable to draw? When was she able to identify the emotion?

A

fear

However when SM was instructed to look at just eyes and identify emotion, they were able to identify fear

36
Q

What part of the brain is activated with the emotion Disgust?

A

Insular cortex
Activated when looking at disgusting picture or facial expression of someone expressing disgust.
Damage to insula results in inability to experience and recognize disgust

37
Q

What actions are associated with high levels of T(testosterone)? Low levels of T?

A

Rape and Murder were associated with high levels of T

Burglary, Robbery and Drug Offences were associated with lower levels of T

38
Q

How are high levels testosterone presented in women? (threat vs. no-threat)

A

Effects of testosterone on behaviour depends on context (threat vs. no-threat)
In threat higher level of T is associated with more aggressive between, antisocial behaviour
Lower threat levels of T lead to prosocial behaviour

39
Q

what are 2 reasons for aggressive behaviour?

A

Reproduction behaviours
Evolutionary; Getting a mate
Defensive behaviours
Evolutionary; survival,innate reason to be aggressive

40
Q

What parts of the brain is important in aggression?

A

Amygdala
vmPFC
Serotonergic system

41
Q

How is Serotonergic system associated with aggressive behaviour?

A

Enabling synaptic connections inhibit aggressive behaviour
- high levels of serotonin lead to a decrease of aggressive behaviour
Destruction of synaptic connection increases aggressive behavior
Lower serotonin turnover (release and re-synthesis of 5HT)

42
Q

what results of Howell et al., (2007) concluded about 5-HT in CSF and aggressive behaviours?

A

Higher levels of serotonin will decrease aggressive and risky behaviours
Increased aggression and risk behavior in low 5-HIAA

43
Q

What is low-5-HT linked to in Humans?

A

recurrent violent behavior

suicide by violent means - linked to s variant of 5HT transporter gene(short allele)

44
Q

Do SSRI’s decrease aggression? What is the proof from imaging studies?

A

yes
Imaging Studies with 5HT transporter gene:
s carriers show higher rate of activity in right amygdala in response to angry/fearful faces, compared to l carriers

45
Q

What is the important of vmPFC? Use the example of Phineas Gage.

A

after incident;
Impulsive behaviors
Poor decision making
“Gage was no longer Gage”

46
Q

What is the important of vmPFC?

A 
Emotion regulation
Moral decision making
Trolley Problem
Linking serotonin and vmPFC
New et al (2004): 12 weeks of SSRI treatment on activation of PFC and impulsive and aggressive behaviour
47
Q

What gene and environment lead to antisocial behaviour?

A 
MAOA (Low vs. High)
Low activity= aggression
Caspi study (2002): MAOA gene and childhood maltreatment on antisocial behaviour
48
Q

What were the results from a study about happiness through the emotion of compassion in brain regions?

A

Results are more variable
The advanced activity in the brain was present in the L PFC
L PFC and L mPFC (Cerqueira et al 2008; Pelletier et al 2003)
L amygdala (Markowitsch et al 2003; Zotev et al 2011)
L & R ACC (Zotev et al 2011, 2014)

49
Q

What were the results in the study by Sato et al., 2015, about happiness?

A

51 Japanese men and women
Rating from Subjective Happiness Scale and Emotion Intensity Scale
MRI Results: Greater volume of right precuneus in happy individuals

PSY324 (11 decks)

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