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Sociolinguistics > Week 10 - Three waves, agency and new dialect formation > Flashcards

Week 10 - Three waves, agency and new dialect formation Flashcards

1
Q

What did wave one consist of?

A
  • Notion of vernacular
  • Interviews and speech production
  • Labov initiated first wave
  • Big picture of social change using demographic categories
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2
Q

What studies fit into wave one?

A
  • Trudgill Norwich 1974
  • Labov NYC 1972
  • Wolfram Detroit 1969
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3
Q

Who came up with the three waves of sociolinguistic study?

A

Penny Eckert 2005

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4
Q

What did wave two consist of?

A
  • Ethnographic methods (observing and interacting in environment)
  • Relationship between variation and local
  • Speech communities and their features
  • Variants as identity markers
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5
Q

What studies fit into wave two?

A
  • Milroy 1980

- Marthas vineyard 1963

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6
Q

What was the study of Marthas vineyard?

Name
Date
Details

A

Labov 1963

  • Phonological variation
  • Small island off North American coast
  • Small population, tourists in summer
  • Interviews
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7
Q

What were the results of Marthas vineyard study?

A

Fisherman: Centralise dipthong to reject tourist N.Americanism

Young men rejecting mainland values centralised most

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8
Q

What did wave three consist of?

A
  • Built on findings
  • Focus on social meaning of variables
  • Styles over variables
  • Looks at speaker persona rather than categories
  • Communities of practice
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9
Q

What studies fit into wave three?

A

Eckert 1989 Jocks and Burnouts

Moore 2004 Bolton girls

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10
Q

About the three waves

Name
Date

A

Eckert 2005

  • Not strictly ordered historically
  • Part of a whole
  • Each represents a way of thinking that grew out of the previous wave
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11
Q

Define icon

A

A sign that resembles what it stands for. Eg. signs of stick men and women on toilets

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12
Q

Define Index

A

A sign linked to an object by direct connection or real relation, A points to B Eg. smoke is an index of fire

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13
Q

Define symbol

A

A sign which bears no readily recognisable physical resemblance to what it signifies, arbitrary Eg. the word horse is a symbol for the animal

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14
Q

What are the two main new dialect formation scenarios?

Names
Date

A

Kerswill and Trudgill 2005

  1. Settlement of large territory in previously uninhabited area or previous population is ousted
  2. Formation of a new town in a delimited area
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15
Q

Examples of new dialect formation

A

New Zealand

Milton Keynes

Multicultural London English

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16
Q

New Zealand dialect facts

A
  • First English speakers 1800
  • Immigration in 1860
  • Youngest variety of English (150 years)
17
Q

Define levelling

Name

Date

A

The loss of demographically minority variants

Trudgill 2004

18
Q

Define mixing

Name

Date

A

Coming together of speakers of different dialects of the same language or of mutually intelligible languages

Trudgill 2004

19
Q

Define unmarking

Name

Date

A

Unmarked forms and regular forms surviving and losing markedness

Trudgill 2004

20
Q

Define interdialect development

Name

Date

A

Forms that arise out of the mixing that didn’t exist in any dialects contributing to the mix.

  • More simple
  • Intermediate forms
  • Hyperadaptation
21
Q

Define reallocation

Name

Date

A

Variants acquiring new functions in the dialect

Trudgill 2004

22
Q

Define focussing

Name

Date

A

New variety acquires norms and stability, not levelling

Trudgill 2004

23
Q

Define koineisation

Name

Date

A

Process of mixing, levelling, unmarking, interdialect formation and reallocation

Trudgill 2004

Leads to new dialect

24
Q

What is stage one of new dialect formation?

A
  1. Rudimentary levelling
    - Adult speakers, immigrants
    - Features of accommodation between adult speakers
25
Q

What is stage two of new dialect formation?

A
  1. Extreme variability

- First generation born into new dialect, children have no fixed model

26
Q

What is stage three of new dialect formation?

A
  1. Focussing, levelling, reallocation

- Second generation = stable variety

27
Q

Case study of new dialect formation (UK)

Name
Where
Results

A

Milton Keynes

Kerswill and Williams

  • Population grown twice fold in 40 yrs from 60s
  • Young children accept change
  • Older children deviate from adults
  • Fronting of vowel in GOAT

Sociolinguistics (9 decks)

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