Week 10 - Three waves, agency and new dialect formation Flashcards
What did wave one consist of?
- Notion of vernacular
- Interviews and speech production
- Labov initiated first wave
- Big picture of social change using demographic categories
What studies fit into wave one?
- Trudgill Norwich 1974
- Labov NYC 1972
- Wolfram Detroit 1969
Who came up with the three waves of sociolinguistic study?
Penny Eckert 2005
What did wave two consist of?
- Ethnographic methods (observing and interacting in environment)
- Relationship between variation and local
- Speech communities and their features
- Variants as identity markers
What studies fit into wave two?
- Milroy 1980
- Marthas vineyard 1963
What was the study of Marthas vineyard?
Name
Date
Details
Labov 1963
- Phonological variation
- Small island off North American coast
- Small population, tourists in summer
- Interviews
What were the results of Marthas vineyard study?
Fisherman: Centralise dipthong to reject tourist N.Americanism
Young men rejecting mainland values centralised most
What did wave three consist of?
- Built on findings
- Focus on social meaning of variables
- Styles over variables
- Looks at speaker persona rather than categories
- Communities of practice
What studies fit into wave three?
Eckert 1989 Jocks and Burnouts
Moore 2004 Bolton girls
About the three waves
Name
Date
Eckert 2005
- Not strictly ordered historically
- Part of a whole
- Each represents a way of thinking that grew out of the previous wave
Define icon
A sign that resembles what it stands for. Eg. signs of stick men and women on toilets
Define Index
A sign linked to an object by direct connection or real relation, A points to B Eg. smoke is an index of fire
Define symbol
A sign which bears no readily recognisable physical resemblance to what it signifies, arbitrary Eg. the word horse is a symbol for the animal
What are the two main new dialect formation scenarios?
Names
Date
Kerswill and Trudgill 2005
- Settlement of large territory in previously uninhabited area or previous population is ousted
- Formation of a new town in a delimited area
Examples of new dialect formation
New Zealand
Milton Keynes
Multicultural London English
New Zealand dialect facts
- First English speakers 1800
- Immigration in 1860
- Youngest variety of English (150 years)
Define levelling
Name
Date
The loss of demographically minority variants
Trudgill 2004
Define mixing
Name
Date
Coming together of speakers of different dialects of the same language or of mutually intelligible languages
Trudgill 2004
Define unmarking
Name
Date
Unmarked forms and regular forms surviving and losing markedness
Trudgill 2004
Define interdialect development
Name
Date
Forms that arise out of the mixing that didn’t exist in any dialects contributing to the mix.
- More simple
- Intermediate forms
- Hyperadaptation
Define reallocation
Name
Date
Variants acquiring new functions in the dialect
Trudgill 2004
Define focussing
Name
Date
New variety acquires norms and stability, not levelling
Trudgill 2004
Define koineisation
Name
Date
Process of mixing, levelling, unmarking, interdialect formation and reallocation
Trudgill 2004
Leads to new dialect
What is stage one of new dialect formation?
- Rudimentary levelling
- Adult speakers, immigrants
- Features of accommodation between adult speakers
