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HLTH331 > Week 10: Nutrition in special populations > Flashcards

Week 10: Nutrition in special populations Flashcards

1
Q

Healthspan

A

Amount of time an individual spends in a state of good health
(what matters and can be modified)

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2
Q

Lifespan

A

Number of years in an individuals life

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3
Q

Lifestyle behaviours that influence health

A
  1. Sleep
  2. Eating well-balanced diet
  3. Physical activity
  4. Not smoking
  5. Not using alcohol
  6. Healthy body weight
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4
Q

Sarcopenia

A

Age-related continuous involuntary decline in muscle mass, quality and strength

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5
Q

What is sarcopenia characterized by?

A

Decreased size and number of type 2 skeletal muscle fibres and an infiltration of adipose tissue in skeletal muscle

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6
Q

When do we begin to lose skeletal muscle?

A

40 years old

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7
Q

How much muscle mass is lost per year after age 40?

A

0.5-1.0%

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8
Q

How much muscle strength is lost per year after age 40?

A

1.2%

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9
Q

What is the best predictor of falling?

A

Muscle strength

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10
Q

Frailty

A

Reduction of the physiological functional reserve and a decreased homeostatic capacity leading to greater vulnerability to adverse health outcomes and increased risk of death

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11
Q

Characteristics of a frail adult

A
  1. Impaired mobility
  2. Loss of strength
  3. Slow gait speed
  4. Unintended weight loss
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12
Q

What is one reason we lose skeletal muscle mass as we age?

A

Energy intake is reduced

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13
Q

How is energy intake reduced in older adults?

A
  1. Decreased REE due to a reduction in FFM
  2. Reduction in appetite
  3. Reduction in physical activity levels
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14
Q

Why is there a reduction in appetite in older adults?

A
  1. Diminished hunger and satiety mechanism
  2. Age-related gastrointestinal motility changes
  3. Other factors (ie. depression)
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15
Q

Why is there diminished hunger and satiety mechanism in older adults?

A

Altered hormonal response such that the production of orexigenic hormones are decreased and anorexigenic hormones are increased

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16
Q

Which hormones are altered in older adults appetite reguation?

A

Decreased ghrelin and NPY
Increased CKK, PYY, insulin and leptin

17
Q

What are age-related gastrointestinal changes?

A

Delayed gastric emptying–> postprandial satiety–>reduced antral stretch (food in GI tract longer=feel full)

18
Q

Where is CKK produced and in response to what?

A

Small intestine in response to fat and protein

19
Q

Anorexia of aging

A

Decrease in appetite and food intake in old age

20
Q

What does anorexia of aging lead to?

A

Muscle wasting
Impaired immune function
Cognitive decline
Decreased function in respiratory muscles
Reduced gut function
Disability

21
Q

What is another reason we lose skeletal muscle mass as we age?

A

Lack of protein intake

22
Q

How do we increase muscle mass?

A

MPS>MPS such as with resistance training

23
Q

Why does muscle mass decrease?

A

MPS<MPB such as after an immobilization injury

24
Q

RDA for protein intake

A

0.8 g/kg/day
Designed to prevent deficiency but is not the optimal dose

25
Q

Rates of MPS and muscle mass in older adults

A

Older adults are less responsive to the protein they consume and therefore have less stimulation of MPS and less muscle mass

26
Q

MPS curve in older adults

A

Less elevation in MPS
Same elevation in MPB

27
Q

Anabolic resistance

A

Reduced rise in MPS in response to the ingestion of protein/amino acids

28
Q

Solutions to reduced muscle mass in older adults

A

More protein to maximally stimulate muscle in a single meal

29
Q

How much protein was found to maximally stimulate muscle mass in older adult per meal?

A

0.4g/kg/per meal

30
Q

Protein intake in older adults

A

Skewed
But balancing it across meals may result in improvements in MPS

31
Q

Study 1: Protein intake and MPS in middle aged adults

A

Consuming even protein intake across meals maximally stimulated MPS

32
Q

Study 2: Protein intake and timing on MPS in older adults

A

Protein intake is a signifiant predictor of stimulating MPS
Balanced protein intake did not alter skeletal MPS in older adults

33
Q

Oral nutritional supplements

A

For those with dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) these can be used to increase nutrition and calorie intake

34
Q

Agility and physical activity

A

2 weeks of acute physical inactivity (step reduction) reduces rates of MPS and skeletal muscle mass in older adults

35
Q

EAA and MPS

A

Eating whey protein that contains all the EAA protects against declines in MPS

36
Q

Catabolic crisis model

A

Older adults have a harder time returning to lean muscle mass baseline after an injury due to anabolic resistance

37
Q

Gradual sarcopenia

A

The normal decline in skeletal muscle mass as we age

38
Q

Fat infiltration of skeletal muscle

A

Associated with negative health outcomes
More prevelant in sedentary older adults

39
Q

Resistance training and protein

A

Both stimulate muscle growth even in older adults

HLTH331 (9 decks)

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