Week 1: Introduction

Question 1

Hazard ratio

Answer 1

Ratio of risk of an outcome in one group to the risk of that outcome in another group occurring at any given interval of time

Question 2

Relative risk

Answer 2

Ratio of the risk of an event in the exposure group to risk of that event in non-exposure group

Question 3

Third variable problem

Answer 3

Confounding variable that leads to mistaken causal relationship

Question 4

Types of third variables

Answer 4

1. Confounder
2. Moderator
3. Mediator

Question 5

Confounder

Answer 5

Influences both independent and dependent variables (not causally)

Question 6

Moderator

Answer 6

Modifies strength of relationship btwn independent and dependent variables

Question 7

Mediator

Answer 7

X causes the mediator (M) and M causes Y

Question 8

Feeding trial

Answer 8

Participants provided w all meals, snacks, beverages

Question 9

Traits of a feeding trial

Answer 9

High cost
High adherence
Short
High labour
Low generalizability

Question 10

Randomized control intervention

Answer 10

Participants asked to follow a diet but not provided w meals

Question 11

Traits of randomized control trial

Answer 11

Medium cost
Medium/low adherence
Medium length
High labour
Medium generalizability

Question 12

Observational studies

Answer 12

Compare individuals who self-select to consume a specific diet

Question 13

Traits of observational studies

Answer 13

Lower cost
Long
Lower labour
High generalizability

Question 14

Parameters of metabolic health

Answer 14

1. Blood sugar levels
2. Triglycerides
3. High density lipoprotein
4. Blood pressure
5. Waist circumference

Question 15

Biomarker

Answer 15

Objective, quantifiable characteristics of biological processes

Question 16

Clinical endpoint

Answer 16

Variable that reflects how a subject in a study or clinical trial feels, functions or survives