Week 10 - Metabolism

Question 1

Define basal metabolic rate (BMR). What is the average BMR?

Answer 1

Minimum resting energy expenditures by an awake alert person

Average: 1,680 calories per day

Question 2

What are 3 details about BMR and calories?

Answer 2

BMR can be responsible for burning up to 70% of the total calories expended,
but this figure varies due to different factors

Calories are burned by bodily processes such as respiration, the pumping of blood around the body, and maintenance of body temperature

Obviously the body will burn more calories on top of those burned due to BMR

Question 3

What 7 factors influence BMR?

Answer 3

Genetics
Health problems
Activity level: exercise
Body composition: lean muscle
Gender: men have more lean muscle
Age: development vs. maintenance
Energy supply: during time of famine, the body automatically lowers its metabolic rate for a “starvation diet”

Question 4

Define metabolism.

Answer 4

The ability to acquire and use energy from the environment

Question 5

Define metabolic activities.

Answer 5

All the chemical reactions that occur in cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

Question 6

Define anabolic reactions.

Answer 6

Use ATP to combine smaller molecules, such as glucose, into larger compounds, such as glycogen, and release small amounts of heat

Question 7

Define catabolic reactions.

Answer 7

Break down larger molecules into smaller compounds and release energy in the form of ATP and heat

Question 8

Contrast anaerobic vs. aerobic metabolism.

Answer 8

Anaerobic metabolism:
Produces more ATP per minute
Limited in use, provides only 1–1.5 minutes of maximal activity
Involved in high-intensity, short-duration activities, e.g., sprinting, heavy weight lifting

Aerobic metabolism:
Produces less ATP per minute
Is able to produce ATP indefinitely
Involved in low-intensity, long-duration activities

Question 9

What happens when the demand for ATP is greater than the rate of metabolism?

Answer 9

Activity slows down

Question 10

Define glycogenesis.

Answer 10

Formation of glycogen from glucose

Question 11

Define glycogenolysis.

Answer 11

The breakdown of the molecule glycogen into glucose

Question 12

Define gluconeogenesis.

Answer 12

The process of the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates

Question 13

What are 4 details about anabolic reaction?

Answer 13

During times of plenty, anabolic reactions are favored by metabolism

Excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle, or stored as fat in the adipose tissue

Protein is used for building body proteins, with the excess converted to fat and stored

Excess dietary fat is also stored in adipose tissue

Question 14

What are 4 details about catabolic reactions?

Answer 14

Metabolism shifts during fasting to catabolic reactions, which result in liver glycogen providing blood glucose

Muscle glycogen is used for fuel by the muscles

Adipose tissue releases fatty acids to be transformed into ketone bodies in the liver and used by the brain as fuel

Body proteins are converted to glucose

Question 15

What are 3 details about energy drinks?

Answer 15

Main ingredient is caffeine

Promotes lipolysis

Overall excess can cause negative health effects, like elevated heart rate and blood pressure, anxiety, diminished ability to concentrate, and insomnia

Question 16

What are the 4 risks of mixing energy drinks with alcohol?

Answer 16

Doubles:
“Wide awake drunk”
Risk of injury
Need for medical attention
Driving with intoxicated drivers

Question 17

What is the daily limit of caffeine per day?

Answer 17

No more than 300 milligrams per day

Question 18

What are the 3 steps of the body metabolizing alcohol?

Answer 18

1. In the liver, the alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde
2. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase completes the metabolism by forming acetyl CoA
3. The buildup of NADH from drinking too much alcohol results in the formation of fatty acids and ketones

Question 19

Define inborn errors of metabolism. What are 3 details? Give examples.

Answer 19

Genetic conditions in which an individual lacks an enzyme that controls a specific metabolic pathway

Results in the buildup of toxins

Cannot be cured

Can be controlled through diet

Examples: phenylketonuria and MSUD

Question 20

What are 2 details about public health nutrition?

Answer 20

Public health nutrition is a professional discipline with its own body of knowledge and relevant skills

Imbedded in the practice of public health nutrition are services and activities to assure conditions in which people can achieve and maintain nutritional health

Question 21

What are 6 activities included in public health nutrition?

Answer 21

Surveillance and monitoring of nutrition-related health status and risk factors

Community- or population -based assessment, program planning, and evaluation

Address problems related to inadequate quantity and quality of the habitual diet

Address problems related to excessive intake of quantity of the habitual diet and food additives and supplements

Address food safety problems that affect the health and function of a large percent of the general population

Address nutrition problems prevented or ameliorated by identification of risk factors and early detection by screening when feasible, in contrast to only specific nutrient treatment

Question 22

Define and give 2 examples of excessive intake of food and nutrients.

Answer 22

Food intake above physiological needs for normal function and growth in children

Intake of vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients far in excess of nutritional needs

Examples:
Fast food addiction and calorie-dense snacks

Large doses of vitamins and other micronutrients and untested “natural supplements”

Question 23

Give 2 details about metabolism inadequacy.

Answer 23

Lack of food

Malabsorption due to enzyme deficiencies and structural damage to intestinal surfaces

Question 24

Give 1 detail about undernutrition.

Answer 24

Undernutrition contributes to nearly half of all deaths in children under 5 and is widespread in Asia and Africa

Question 25

What are 3 issues of special interests to public health nutritionists?

Answer 25

Lactating mothers

People with HIV/AIDS

Inmates in correctional facilities.

Question 26

What are 6 maternal consequences related to nutrition?

Answer 26

Increased risk of maternal death

Increased infections

Anaemia

Compromised immune functions

Lethargy and weakness

Lower productivity

Question 27

What are 7 child consequences related to nutrition?

Answer 27

Increased risk of foetal and neonatal deaths

Intrauterine growth retardation

Low birth weight

Pre-term birth

Compromised immune functions

Birth defects

Cretinism and reduced IQ

Question 28

What are 2 details related to childhood obesity?

Answer 28

Children with obesity are at higher risk of having other chronic health conditions and diseases that influence physical health

These include asthma, sleep apnea, bone and joint problems, type 2 diabetes, and risk factors for heart disease

Question 29

What are 3 aspects of the community environment contribute to childhood obesity?

Answer 29

Advertising of less healthy foods

No safe and appealing places to play or be active

Limited access to healthy affordable foods

Question 30

What are 2 details about the advertising of less healthy foods?

Answer 30

Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students’ ability to make healthy food choices

In addition, foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in
comparison

Question 31

What are 4 details about communities not having safe/appealing places to play or be active?

Answer 31

Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active

For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available

For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist

Half of the children in the United States do not have a park, community center, and sidewalk in their neighborhood

Question 32

What are 3 details about limited access to healthy affordable foods?

Answer 32

Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods

Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity

Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants

Question 33

What 3 factors contribute to the obesity epidemic?

Answer 33

Greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugar sweetened beverages

Increasing portion sizes

Lack of breastfeeding support

Question 34

What are 5 details about high-energy-dense foods and sugar sweetened beverages?

Answer 34

High-energy-dense foods are ones that have a lot of calories in each bite

A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood

Sugar sweetened beverages are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States

High consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity

On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugar sweetened beverages

Question 35

What are 3 details about increasing portion sizes?

Answer 35

Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in
restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines

Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions

This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods

Question 36

What are 2 facts about lack of breastfeeding support?

Answer 36

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity

The success rate among mothers who want to breastfeed can be improved through active support from their families, friends, communities, clinicians, health care leaders, employers, and policymakers

Question 37

What are 4 facts about nutrition and HIV/AIDS?

Answer 37

Nutritional status is strongly predictive of survival and functional status among
people living with HIV/AIDS

Nutritional problems may occur at any stage of disease and can contribute to impaired immune response, accelerate disease progression, increase the
frequency and severity of opportunistic infections, and impede the effectiveness
of medications

As nutritional changes can occur early in HIV infection, nutrition intervention should begin soon after diagnosis

The key components of nutritional care risk are screening, comprehensive
baseline evaluation or assessment, and ongoing monitoring and treatment—
including self-care training, nutrition education, and various interventions

Question 38

What are 2 details about nutrition in prison inmates?

Answer 38

An estimated 80,000 inmates have diabetes and more than 280,000 have hypertension, with prevalence rates of about 5% and 18%, respectively

The current estimated prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in correctional
institutions is somewhat lower than the overall U.S. prevalence of these conditions, perhaps because the incarcerated population is younger than the general population

Question 39

What mediates the conversion of acetaldehyde into acetyl CoA?

Answer 39

Enzymes