Week 10 - Metabolism Flashcards
Define basal metabolic rate (BMR). What is the average BMR?
Minimum resting energy expenditures by an awake alert person
Average: 1,680 calories per day
What are 3 details about BMR and calories?
BMR can be responsible for burning up to 70% of the total calories expended,
but this figure varies due to different factors
Calories are burned by bodily processes such as respiration, the pumping of blood around the body, and maintenance of body temperature
Obviously the body will burn more calories on top of those burned due to BMR
What 7 factors influence BMR?
Genetics
Health problems
Activity level: exercise
Body composition: lean muscle
Gender: men have more lean muscle
Age: development vs. maintenance
Energy supply: during time of famine, the body automatically lowers its metabolic rate for a “starvation diet”
Define metabolism.
The ability to acquire and use energy from the environment
Define metabolic activities.
All the chemical reactions that occur in cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
Define anabolic reactions.
Use ATP to combine smaller molecules, such as glucose, into larger compounds, such as glycogen, and release small amounts of heat
Define catabolic reactions.
Break down larger molecules into smaller compounds and release energy in the form of ATP and heat
Contrast anaerobic vs. aerobic metabolism.
Anaerobic metabolism:
Produces more ATP per minute
Limited in use, provides only 1–1.5 minutes of maximal activity
Involved in high-intensity, short-duration activities, e.g., sprinting, heavy weight lifting
Aerobic metabolism:
Produces less ATP per minute
Is able to produce ATP indefinitely
Involved in low-intensity, long-duration activities
What happens when the demand for ATP is greater than the rate of metabolism?
Activity slows down
Define glycogenesis.
Formation of glycogen from glucose
Define glycogenolysis.
The breakdown of the molecule glycogen into glucose
Define gluconeogenesis.
The process of the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates
What are 4 details about anabolic reaction?
During times of plenty, anabolic reactions are favored by metabolism
Excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle, or stored as fat in the adipose tissue
Protein is used for building body proteins, with the excess converted to fat and stored
Excess dietary fat is also stored in adipose tissue
What are 4 details about catabolic reactions?
Metabolism shifts during fasting to catabolic reactions, which result in liver glycogen providing blood glucose
Muscle glycogen is used for fuel by the muscles
Adipose tissue releases fatty acids to be transformed into ketone bodies in the liver and used by the brain as fuel
Body proteins are converted to glucose
What are 3 details about energy drinks?
Main ingredient is caffeine
Promotes lipolysis
Overall excess can cause negative health effects, like elevated heart rate and blood pressure, anxiety, diminished ability to concentrate, and insomnia
What are the 4 risks of mixing energy drinks with alcohol?
Doubles:
“Wide awake drunk”
Risk of injury
Need for medical attention
Driving with intoxicated drivers
What is the daily limit of caffeine per day?
No more than 300 milligrams per day
What are the 3 steps of the body metabolizing alcohol?
- In the liver, the alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde
- Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase completes the metabolism by forming acetyl CoA
- The buildup of NADH from drinking too much alcohol results in the formation of fatty acids and ketones
Define inborn errors of metabolism. What are 3 details? Give examples.
Genetic conditions in which an individual lacks an enzyme that controls a specific metabolic pathway
Results in the buildup of toxins
Cannot be cured
Can be controlled through diet
Examples: phenylketonuria and MSUD
What are 2 details about public health nutrition?
Public health nutrition is a professional discipline with its own body of knowledge and relevant skills
Imbedded in the practice of public health nutrition are services and activities to assure conditions in which people can achieve and maintain nutritional health
What are 6 activities included in public health nutrition?
Surveillance and monitoring of nutrition-related health status and risk factors
Community- or population -based assessment, program planning, and evaluation
Address problems related to inadequate quantity and quality of the habitual diet
Address problems related to excessive intake of quantity of the habitual diet and food additives and supplements
Address food safety problems that affect the health and function of a large percent of the general population
Address nutrition problems prevented or ameliorated by identification of risk factors and early detection by screening when feasible, in contrast to only specific nutrient treatment
Define and give 2 examples of excessive intake of food and nutrients.
Food intake above physiological needs for normal function and growth in children
Intake of vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients far in excess of nutritional needs
Examples:
Fast food addiction and calorie-dense snacks
Large doses of vitamins and other micronutrients and untested “natural supplements”
Give 2 details about metabolism inadequacy.
Lack of food
Malabsorption due to enzyme deficiencies and structural damage to intestinal surfaces
Give 1 detail about undernutrition.
Undernutrition contributes to nearly half of all deaths in children under 5 and is widespread in Asia and Africa
What are 3 issues of special interests to public health nutritionists?
Lactating mothers
People with HIV/AIDS
Inmates in correctional facilities.
What are 6 maternal consequences related to nutrition?
Increased risk of maternal death
Increased infections
Anaemia
Compromised immune functions
Lethargy and weakness
Lower productivity
What are 7 child consequences related to nutrition?
Increased risk of foetal and neonatal deaths
Intrauterine growth retardation
Low birth weight
Pre-term birth
Compromised immune functions
Birth defects
Cretinism and reduced IQ
What are 2 details related to childhood obesity?
Children with obesity are at higher risk of having other chronic health conditions and diseases that influence physical health
These include asthma, sleep apnea, bone and joint problems, type 2 diabetes, and risk factors for heart disease
What are 3 aspects of the community environment contribute to childhood obesity?
Advertising of less healthy foods
No safe and appealing places to play or be active
Limited access to healthy affordable foods
What are 2 details about the advertising of less healthy foods?
Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students’ ability to make healthy food choices
In addition, foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in
comparison
What are 4 details about communities not having safe/appealing places to play or be active?
Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active
For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available
For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist
Half of the children in the United States do not have a park, community center, and sidewalk in their neighborhood
What are 3 details about limited access to healthy affordable foods?
Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods
Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity
Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants
What 3 factors contribute to the obesity epidemic?
Greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugar sweetened beverages
Increasing portion sizes
Lack of breastfeeding support
What are 5 details about high-energy-dense foods and sugar sweetened beverages?
High-energy-dense foods are ones that have a lot of calories in each bite
A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood
Sugar sweetened beverages are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States
High consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity
On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugar sweetened beverages
What are 3 details about increasing portion sizes?
Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in
restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines
Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions
This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods
What are 2 facts about lack of breastfeeding support?
Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity
The success rate among mothers who want to breastfeed can be improved through active support from their families, friends, communities, clinicians, health care leaders, employers, and policymakers
What are 4 facts about nutrition and HIV/AIDS?
Nutritional status is strongly predictive of survival and functional status among
people living with HIV/AIDS
Nutritional problems may occur at any stage of disease and can contribute to impaired immune response, accelerate disease progression, increase the
frequency and severity of opportunistic infections, and impede the effectiveness
of medications
As nutritional changes can occur early in HIV infection, nutrition intervention should begin soon after diagnosis
The key components of nutritional care risk are screening, comprehensive
baseline evaluation or assessment, and ongoing monitoring and treatment—
including self-care training, nutrition education, and various interventions
What are 2 details about nutrition in prison inmates?
An estimated 80,000 inmates have diabetes and more than 280,000 have hypertension, with prevalence rates of about 5% and 18%, respectively
The current estimated prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in correctional
institutions is somewhat lower than the overall U.S. prevalence of these conditions, perhaps because the incarcerated population is younger than the general population
What mediates the conversion of acetaldehyde into acetyl CoA?
Enzymes
