Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Perception and Action > Week 10 Lecture 10 - motor control part 1 > Flashcards

Week 10 Lecture 10 - motor control part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do most actions require?

A
  • Multiple muscles
  • Precise timing (e.g. between the 2
    hands)
  • Multiple components of movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do “higher” cognitive aspects of motor control include?

A
  • Planning and timing
  • Sequencing
  • Imagery (cf mirror neurones)
  • Expertise (e.g. sport, musical instrument)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some applications of understanding motor control?

A
  • How to best learn motor skills
  • Rehabilitation of patients with difficulties
    with movement
  • Using knowledge of human movements to create artificial limbs/robots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the key cortical motor areas?

A

see summary sheet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What motor function is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

execution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What motor function is the premotor cortex responsible for?

A

preparation of actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What motor function is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

higher level of planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What motor function is the parietal cortex responsible for?

A

sensory-motor links

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex (M1) located?

A

In pre-central gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is the primary motor cortex organsied?

A

Somatotopic organisation (from soma
“body” and topos “place”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Activation in particular parts of M1 causes
movement of what?

A

particular body parts on opposite side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is hemiplega?

A

paralysis of one side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is hemiparesis?

A

weakness of one side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do cells in M1 have a preferred direction of movement?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is vector coding?

A

populations of cells code the direction of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What has new research suggested about the Somatotopic organisation of the primary motor cortex?

A

2 parallel systems in M1 forming an integrate-isolate pattern

a.) body-part specific for fine motor control of foot hand and mouth

b.) somato-cognitive action netwotk (SCAN) for integrating goals and whole body movement

17
Q

Where does info inputted into motor and somatosensory areas of the brain output?

A

spinal cord –> control of muscles

18
Q

What is the premotor cortex split into? What are these sections responsible for?

A
  • Lateral Premotor Cortex – externally
    generated actions
  • Supplementary Motor Area – (medial PC)
    internally generated actions e.g. well learnt sequences
19
Q

What brain areas are involved when coordinating movement (bimanual)?

A
  • cerebellum
  • supplementary motor area
  • premotor area

Areas more active in more difficult bimanual tasks (Swinnen & Wenderoth, 2004)

20
Q

What happens when people learn a sequence?

A
  • Faster and more accurate movements
  • Change from effortful to automatic
21
Q

When learning sequences, what areas of the brain change over time –> Toni et al. (1998)

A
  • Dorsolateral prefrontal ↓
  • SMA ↑
  • Lateral premotor cortex ↓
    (becoming more internally generated)
  • Primary motor ↓

Also subcortical - cerebellum
and basal ganglia

22
Q

Gerloff overret al., 1997 used repetitive TMS to block activity over SMA

What was found?

A

SMA only interfered with performing the
most complex sequence

23
Q

Frith et al. 1991 conducted a study where ppts chose which action to perform e.g., which finger

What did they find?

A

prefrontal cortex was involved in this process

24
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

A
  • Attention to action – when difficult or
    learning
  • Longer term goals and intentions
  • Not specific to action, e.g. generating
    random numbers
  • choosing what action to perform
25
Q

What can prefrontal lesions produce?

A
  • Perseveration – repeat same action when no longer relevant
  • Utilisation behaviour – act on irrelevant
    (or inappropriate) object in environment
  • Disinhibition e.g. antisaccade task
  • Frontal apraxia – not able to follow steps
    in routine tasks (e.g. making tea)
26
Q

What is the antisaccade task?

A
  • Required to look in opposite direction to
    the target
  • Must inhibit (pre-potent) tendency to
    look at target
27
Q

What is the Norman and Shallice model?

A

Contention scheduling – selects appropriate schema (to complete a task)

Supervisory attentional System (SAS) –
required for novel/less automatic actions

28
Q

How can action error be explained?

A
  • Perseveration – unable to change
    schemas when no longer appropriate
  • Utilisation behaviour – schemas activated by environment without SAS suppressing them
29
Q

What can damage to the parietal cortex lead to?

A

apraxia

30
Q

What is apraxia?

A

inability to perform skilled purposeful movement

31
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia?

A

Idea and execution disconnected – retain
knowledge of action:

  • Can recognise action performed by another
  • Fail in pantomiming action (e.g. body part as tool)
  • Can perform sequence but not components
32
Q

What are 2 subcortical motor areas?

A
  • basal ganglia
  • cerebellum
33
Q

What can lesions in the cerebellum lead to?

A
  • Action tremor
  • Dysmetria – over and undershooting of
    movements

Deficits in:
– coordinating across joints
– Motor learning
– Timing

34
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease characterised by?

A
  1. Bradykinesia – slow movement
  2. Tremor (resting)
  3. Rigidity

Shuffling
Death of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra pars compacta

35
Q

What is writing like in Parkinson’s?

A
  • Small in size
  • May reduce while writing - fatigue
36
Q

What disease deficits occur in Parkinson’s?

A
  • Internal/external – more problems with
    internally generated movements
  • Difficulties with Complex movements – bimanual,
    sequences
  • Difficulties with Cognitive effects – attention shifting,
    everyday cognitive failures
37
Q

What task is used to look at tremors?

A

finger-to-nose test

38
Q

For patients with a cerebellar tremor, what happens in the finger-to-nose test?

A

tremor amplitude increases as the finger nears the target

39
Q

For patients with Parkinson’s disease, what happens in the finger-to-nose test?

A

the tremor may be present at the beginning of movement and smooth out near the nose

Perception and Action (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions