Week 10: Handwriting Flashcards
The Writing Process
Pre literacy writing development of young children
- Mechanical Process
- Perceptual
- Acquisition of Language
- Spelling and Phonology
Students with handwriting issues:
- May receive lower grades due to issues with legibility, despite being able to communicate understanding of material verbally
- May have greater challenges with composition and fluency
- Take longer to finish assignments
- Have difficulty with note taking and using notes for studying
- Have greater difficulty learning higher order written communication processes such as planning and grammar
- May avoid written tasks or do the least amount required, despite the knowledge to do more, due to the difficulties of handwriting
Development of Writing Skills
- Controlled Scribbles
- Discrete lines, dots, or symbols
- Straigh-line or circular uppercase letters
- Uppercase letters
- Lowercase letters, numerals and words
Development of Prewriting
!0-12 Months: Scribbles on Paper
2 years: Imitates horizontal, vertical, and circular marks
3 Years: Copies vertical and horizontal lines and Circles
4-5 years: Copies cross, right oblique lines, diagonal left, oblique cross, some letters and numerals; may write own name
5-6 years: Copies triangle, prints own name, copies most uppercase letters
Writing Development in School-Aged Children
Fluency: Develops in 3rd or 4th grade Adult Speed: By 9th grade -Linked to eye-hand coordination -Perceptual motor -Cognition -Language -Vision
Handwriting Readiness
- Small muscle development
- Eye-hand coordination
- Hold writing tools
- Form basic strokes
- Letter perception
- Right-Left Discrimination
Handwriting Readiness Factors
Motor, Visual, Perceptual, Sensory, Eye-Hand Coordination, Motor Planning, In-hand manipulation (moving and flipping pencil), Kinesthesia (where they are in space)
Pencil Grip Progression
- Whole Hand Primitive Grip
- Transitional Pencil Grip: Flexible fingers, Pronated forearm
- Nature pencil grip
Handwriting Eval
- Occupational Profile
- Interviews
- Analysis of Occupational Performance (work samples, file review, direct observation, standardized testing)
Direct Observation of Handwriting
- Identify which writing tasks are most problematic
- Behaviors
- Level of Independence (cues, hand over hand)
- Attention (distractions)
- Environment (where child sits, teacher)
- Curriculum (is there handwriting curriculum/how is it being taught or addressed)
Measuring Handwriting Performance
Domains of Handwriiting
- Legibility
- Writing Speed
- Erogonomic Factors (position)
Domains of Handwriting
- Writing Alphabet
- Copying
- Near Point/FarPoint)
- Manuscript to cursive
- Writing dictated words
- Composition
Legibility
-Letter formation
-Alignment
-Spacing
-Size
-Slant
-Readability
Formula: Total number of readable words divided by number of writen words
Writing Speed
Number of words per minute
consider within context of classroom, assignment, child
Ergonomic Factors
- Posture
- UE stability
- Mobility
- Pencil Grip
